THE PROVENANCE GRAPH

SOURCE → CLAIM → WORD

SHOW THE
RECEIPTS.

Every book, dictionary, database, and article becomes a permanent record with backlinks to the exact historical claims that depend on it.

624NAMED SOURCES

Every work cited by the reviewed graph.

1669EDGE CITATIONS

Source-to-relationship evidence links.

538WITNESS REPORTS

Sources attached to lexical attestations.

569TRUTH CITATIONS

Direct evidence links for ranked reveals.

1602DISPUTE CITATIONS

Located sources attached to scholarly disagreements.

0ORPHAN SOURCES

Bibliographic records with no live evidence link.

THE RULE

A BIBLIOGRAPHY IS A GRAPH, NOT A FOOTNOTE DUMP.

Each record shows exactly where SET-U uses a source. Citation does not mean blanket endorsement: stances preserve support, challenge, contradiction, and context.

ROLEall roles canonical edges witnesses comparisons context links ranked reveals disputes journey stages

TYPEall types historical dictionary 360research database 52 scholarly reference 30 digitized primary source 25 lexical database 20 institutional lexicon 13 etymological dictionary 11 scholarly article 11 lexical corpus record 9 contemporary dictionary 8 scholarly dictionary 8 editorial reference 6 journal article 5 scholarly lexicon 5 historical text edition 4 monograph 4 digitized scholarly edition 3 historical grammar 3 scholarly essay 3 academic thesis 2 digital critical edition 2 digital scholarly edition 2 editorial method 2 institutional vocabulary 2 lexicographic method 2 manuscript catalog 2 pronunciation reference 2 research article 2 scholarly book 2 book chapter 1 community lexicon 1 comparative database 1 comparative dictionary 1 comparative lexicon 1 conference paper 1 critical edition 1 dataset documentation 1 digital corpus 1 dissertation 1 institutional reference 1 lexicographic methodology 1 monograph chapter 1 official lexicon 1 peer reviewed chapter 1 research monograph 1 scholarly database 1 scholarly grammar 1 scholarly lexicographic note 1 scholarly monograph 1 scholarly series 1 technical reference 1 textual corpus 1 typological database 1

PERMANENT BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDS

341 SOURCES IN THIS VIEW

S001historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors2026140 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hate — definition, etymology, and first known use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 33
WITNESSES: 2
COMPARISONS: 23
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 41
JOURNEY STAGES: 38
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 76

mw-hateAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S002etymological dictionary

Guus Kroonen2013128 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic — fi(j)ēn- and fi(j)and-

Brill

CANONICAL EDGES: 26
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 13
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 7
DISPUTES: 42
JOURNEY STAGES: 40
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 50

kroonen-2013-fijen-fijandAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S003scholarly essay

Anatoly Liberman2018109 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

The shortest history of hatred continued and partly concluded

Oxford University Press

CANONICAL EDGES: 26
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 9
CONTEXT LINKS: 2
RANKED REVEALS: 3
DISPUTES: 35
JOURNEY STAGES: 34
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 44

liberman-2018-hatred-2AUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S004historical dictionary

Oxford English Dictionary Editors2026104 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026

Oxford University Press

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
WITNESSES: 12
COMPARISONS: 45
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 5
DISPUTES: 24
JOURNEY STAGES: 13
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 7

oed-fiend-2026AUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S005historical dictionary

Oxford English Dictionary editors201392 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Oxford English Dictionary — friend, n. & adj.

Oxford University Press

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
WITNESSES: 7
COMPARISONS: 28
CONTEXT LINKS: 2
RANKED REVEALS: 3
DISPUTES: 36
JOURNEY STAGES: 11
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 8

oed-friendAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S006etymological dictionary

Vladimir Orel200390 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

A Handbook of Germanic Etymology — xataz, xatjanan, and *xatōjanan

Brill

CANONICAL EDGES: 12
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 42
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 3
DISPUTES: 23
JOURNEY STAGES: 10
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 20

orel-germanic-etymology-hateAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S007historical dictionary

Gerhard Köbler201489 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Altsächsisches Wörterbuch — hatōn and hėttiand

Gerhard Köbler, International Germanic Etymological Lexicotheca

CANONICAL EDGES: 8
WITNESSES: 10
COMPARISONS: 15
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 3
DISPUTES: 39
JOURNEY STAGES: 14
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 7

koebler-old-saxon-haton-hettiandAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S008scholarly reference

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors202288 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Root reg-

HarperCollins

CANONICAL EDGES: 29
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 27
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 9
DISPUTES: 6
JOURNEY STAGES: 16
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 52

ahd-ie-regAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S009research article

Daniel Ayora Estevan202371 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

On the syntax of the Agent nouns in Gothic: the case of nd-formations

Cuadernos de Filología Clásica · Complutense University of Madrid

CANONICAL EDGES: 10
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 12
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 10
DISPUTES: 27
JOURNEY STAGES: 12
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 21

ayora-estevan-2023-fijandsAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S010scholarly reference

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors202269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Root: dhghem-

HarperCollins

CANONICAL EDGES: 21
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 27
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 5
DISPUTES: 7
JOURNEY STAGES: 9
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 32

ahd-ie-dhghemAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S011scholarly reference

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors202257 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Root deru-

HarperCollins

CANONICAL EDGES: 17
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 17
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 6
DISPUTES: 3
JOURNEY STAGES: 14
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 26

ahd-ie-deruAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S012historical dictionary

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal editorial team200954 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Oudnederlands Woordenboek — fīunt

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
WITNESSES: 20
COMPARISONS: 2
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 20
JOURNEY STAGES: 6
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 5

onw-fiuntAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S013scholarly reference

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors202252 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Root: dheigh-

HarperCollins

CANONICAL EDGES: 19
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 18
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 5
DISPUTES: 6
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 21

ahd-ie-dheighAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S014research monograph

John T. Koch202051 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Celto-Germanic — HATRED *kad-

University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies

CANONICAL EDGES: 10
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 17
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 9
JOURNEY STAGES: 13
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 24

koch-celto-germanic-hatredAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S015research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg202645 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lemma fijan — Gothic dictionary and 42-token candidate inventory

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
WITNESSES: 33
COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 1

wulfila-fijanAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S016scholarly reference

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors202243 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Root genə-

HarperCollins

CANONICAL EDGES: 16
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 10
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 3
DISPUTES: 7
JOURNEY STAGES: 6
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 14

ahd-ie-geneAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S017historical dictionary

Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch editorial teamDATE NOT RECORDED42 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîant, fîjant

Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
WITNESSES: 8
COMPARISONS: 13
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 12
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

awb-fiantAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S018historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary editors202242 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

American Heritage Dictionary — friend

HarperCollins Publishers

CANONICAL EDGES: 8
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 5
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 15
JOURNEY STAGES: 13
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 14

ahd-friendAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S019historical dictionary

Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch editorial teamDATE NOT RECORDED39 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîên

Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
WITNESSES: 6
COMPARISONS: 12
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 13
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 2

awb-fienAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S020editorial reference

Merriam-Webster Editors201738 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Had a Long Day of Travel? Check Into a Hospital

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 7
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 14
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 4
DISPUTES: 4
JOURNEY STAGES: 9
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 9

mw-hospital-familyAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S021scholarly reference

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors202238 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Root ghos-ti-

HarperCollins

CANONICAL EDGES: 16
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 7
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 3
DISPUTES: 7
JOURNEY STAGES: 5
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 25

ahd-ie-ghostiAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S022historical dictionary

Svenska Akademiens ordboksredaktion192438 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Svenska Akademiens ordbok — FIENDE

Svenska Akademien

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
WITNESSES: 6
COMPARISONS: 15
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 10
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

saob-fiendeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S023historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichý201437 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — FEÓGAN

Faculty of Arts, Charles University

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
WITNESSES: 10
COMPARISONS: 13
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 10
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 1

bosworth-toller-feoganAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S024historical dictionary

Jacob Grimm · Wilhelm Grimm · DWDS editorial team202637 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — hassen

Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences

CANONICAL EDGES: 6
WITNESSES: 8
COMPARISONS: 4
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 12
JOURNEY STAGES: 5
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 7

dwds-dwb-hassenAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S025etymological dictionary

Marlies Philippa · Frans Debrabandere · Arend Quak · Tanneke Schoonheim · Nicoline van der Sijs200936 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vijand

Etymologiebank · Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

CANONICAL EDGES: 6
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 12
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 3
DISPUTES: 9
JOURNEY STAGES: 5
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 8

ewn-vijandAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S026historical dictionary

Royal Irish Academy · eDIL editors202636 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

eDIL — 1 cais, noun explained as both love and hate

Royal Irish Academy

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
WITNESSES: 10
COMPARISONS: 8
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 12
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 1

edil-cais-love-hateAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S027etymological dictionary

Wolfgang Pfeifer · DWDS editorial team202635 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

DWDS — Feind, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeifer

Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
WITNESSES: 2
COMPARISONS: 12
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 8
JOURNEY STAGES: 6
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 5

dwds-feind-pfeiferAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S028research database

Linguistics Research CenterDATE NOT RECORDED35 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Lexicon: *leg-

University of Texas at Austin

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 4
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 9
JOURNEY STAGES: 15
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 16

uta-pie-legAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S029research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg202635 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lemma fijands — Gothic enemy noun and 26-token candidate inventory

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
WITNESSES: 19
COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 9
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 1

wulfila-fijandsAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S030typological database

Östen Dahl201333 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Chapter 138: Tea

The World Atlas of Language Structures Online

CANONICAL EDGES: 9
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 5
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 4
DISPUTES: 8
JOURNEY STAGES: 7
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 9

wals-teaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S031etymological dictionary

Wolfgang Pfeifer · DWDS editorial team202633 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

DWDS — Hass, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeifer

Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 15
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 6
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 5

dwds-hass-pfeiferAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S032etymological dictionary

Marlies Philippa · Frans Debrabandere · Arend Quak · Tanneke Schoonheim · Nicoline van der Sijs200932 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vriend

Etymologiebank · Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
WITNESSES: 4
COMPARISONS: 10
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 7
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 5

ewn-vriendAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S033contemporary dictionary

Dudenredaktion202630 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Duden — hassen

Cornelsen Verlag

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 6
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 12
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 6

duden-hassenAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S034research database

Etygram EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED30 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etygram: ἐτός / ἔτυμος dossier

Université Côte d’Azur

CANONICAL EDGES: 15
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 6
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 3
DISPUTES: 4
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 17

etygram-etosAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S035scholarly reference

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors202230 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Root dekm̥

HarperCollins

CANONICAL EDGES: 7
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 13
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 4
DISPUTES: 1
JOURNEY STAGES: 5
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 10

ahd-ie-dekmAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S036historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202629 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Check — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 14
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 3
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 19

mw-checkAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S037contemporary dictionary

Den Danske Ordbogs redaktionDATE NOT RECORDED29 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Den Danske Ordbog — fjende

Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
WITNESSES: 4
COMPARISONS: 14
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 6
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 2

ddo-fjendeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S038historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202629 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Science — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 14
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 6
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 22

mw-scienceAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S039historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichy201428 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — feónd

Faculty of Arts, Charles University

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
WITNESSES: 3
COMPARISONS: 12
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 3
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

bosworth-toller-feondAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S040etymological dictionary

Wolfgang Pfeifer · DWDS editorial team202628 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

DWDS — Freund, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeifer

Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 9
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 8
JOURNEY STAGES: 5
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 5

dwds-freund-pfeiferAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S041historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202627 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Calculus — Word History and Etymology Note

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 7
WITNESSES: 2
COMPARISONS: 5
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 6
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 7

mw-calculusAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S042historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202627 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Guest — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 12
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 2
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 5
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 10

mw-guestAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S043research database

Linguistics Research Center editors202627 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Lexicon — k̑ād- : k̑ədes- : k̑əd-s- and its reflexes

The University of Texas at Austin

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 13
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 4
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

ut-pie-kad-reflex-pageAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S044scholarly reference

Bo Utas and Encyclopaedia Iranica contributors199125 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Chess

Encyclopaedia Iranica

CANONICAL EDGES: 8
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 3
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 2
JOURNEY STAGES: 10
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

iranica-chessAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S045historical dictionary

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors201024 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — fjándi, masculine noun

University of Copenhagen

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
WITNESSES: 6
COMPARISONS: 2
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 10
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 1

onp-fjandiAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S046scholarly reference

John Aldrich et al.202624 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: A

University of St Andrews

CANONICAL EDGES: 6
WITNESSES: 2
COMPARISONS: 3
CONTEXT LINKS: 3
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 4
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 7

mactutor-a-wordsAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S047scholarly dictionary

Guus Kroonen201324 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic

Brill

CANONICAL EDGES: 7
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 7
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 3
DISPUTES: 3
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 9

kroonen-2013AUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S048historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichy201423 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — freónd

Faculty of Arts, Charles University

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
WITNESSES: 5
COMPARISONS: 2
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 7
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

bosworth-toller-freondAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S049historical dictionary

Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon187423 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

An Icelandic-English Dictionary — fjándi

Clarendon Press · old-norse.net digital edition

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 12
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 6
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 2

cleasby-vigfusson-fjandiAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S050comparative lexicon

Simon J. Greenhill · Ross Clark · Bruce Biggs201023 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

TAPU [OC] — Prohibited, under ritual restriction, taboo

Polynesian Lexicon Project Online · Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology

CANONICAL EDGES: 7
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 3
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 6
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 7

pollex-tapuAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S051scholarly article

José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente201023 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Urban legends: Turkish kayık “boat” and “Eskimo” qayaq “kayak”

Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis · Jagiellonian University Repository

CANONICAL EDGES: 8
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 4
JOURNEY STAGES: 6
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 8

alonso-2010-kayik-qayaqAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S052historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202623 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Wife — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 7
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 8
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 2
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

mw-wifeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S053historical dictionary

Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon187422 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

An Icelandic-English Dictionary — FRÆNDI

Clarendon Press · old-norse.net digital edition reproduced in ONP

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 9
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 7
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 2

cleasby-vigfusson-fraendiAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S054historical dictionary

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors201022 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine noun

University of Copenhagen

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
WITNESSES: 6
COMPARISONS: 2
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S055book chapter

Elizabeth Closs Traugott201422 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Toward a constructional framework for research on language change

John Benjamins Publishing Company

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S056historical dictionary

John R. Clark Hall191621 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — hete and related entries

Project Gutenberg digital edition

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S057institutional lexicon

DudenredaktionDATE NOT RECORDED21 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

hetzen — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft

Cornelsen Verlag · Duden

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S058scholarly reference

Anders Richardt Jørgensen202220 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Celtic, chapter 9 of The Indo-European Language Family

Cambridge University Press

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S059historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202620 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Checkmate — Word History

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S060historical dictionary

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Dairy — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S061historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202620 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Host — Word History

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S062scholarly reference

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors202620 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Root mūs-

HarperCollins

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S063scholarly reference

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors202220 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Root wer-5

HarperCollins

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S064historical dictionary

Douglas Harper202619 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Emotion — Origin and history

Online Etymology Dictionary

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S065research database

Linguistics Research CenterDATE NOT RECORDED19 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Lexicon: *leubh-

University of Texas at Austin

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S066scholarly dictionary

Rosemarie Lühr201419 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Kuning — Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen V

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht · Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig

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S067historical dictionary

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Dialogue — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S068contemporary dictionary

Dudenredaktion202618 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Duden — Feind

Cornelsen Verlag

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S069historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202618 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etymological — Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary

Merriam-Webster

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S070research database

Linguistics Research Center editors202618 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Lexicon — kʷē̆d-, kʷō̆d- and its bore, prick, whet, and incite reflexes

The University of Texas at Austin

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S071research article

Albert Morey Sturtevant195418 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Notes on Gothic Forms — Hatan : hatjan “to hate”

Language · Linguistic Society of America · Cambridge University Press

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S072historical dictionary

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Adverb — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S073historical dictionary

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Candid — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S074historical dictionary

Jacob Grimm · Wilhelm Grimm187817 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — Freund

S. Hirzel · digital presentation by DWDS

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S075technical reference

Unicode ConsortiumDATE NOT RECORDED17 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

FAQ — Emoji and Pictographs

Unicode Consortium

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S076historical dictionary

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Humiliate — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S077research database

Linguistics Research Center EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED17 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Lexicon: legh-

University of Texas at Austin

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S078scholarly reference

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors202217 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Root skei-

HarperCollins

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S079contemporary dictionary

Svenska Akademiens ordboksredaktion202617 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Svensk ordbok — fiende

Svenska Akademien

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S080historical dictionary

Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon187416 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

An Icelandic-English Dictionary — fjá

Clarendon Press · digital transcription

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S081historical dictionary

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Chai — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S082historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202616 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Fiction — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S083historical dictionary

Aage Hansen · Sv. Eegholm-Pedersen · Christopher MaaløeDATE NOT RECORDED16 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Holbergordbog — Fiende

Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab

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S084historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202616 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Intelligent — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S085historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors202216 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Loaf — American Heritage Dictionary

HarperCollins

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S086historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202616 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Prologue — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S087comparative database

StarLing database editorsDATE NOT RECORDED16 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Proto-Germanic xatiz, xatōn-, -ēn- and *xatjan-

StarLing

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S088historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202616 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Royal — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S089monograph

J. P. Mallory & D. Q. Adams200616 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World

Oxford University Press

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S090historical grammar

Wilhelm Braune · translated and edited by Gerhard H. Balg189515 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

A Gothic Grammar with Selections for Reading and a Glossary — hatan and hatjan

Project Gutenberg edition of the second edition

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Algorism — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S092historical dictionary

Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon · Sampo Silvennoinen digital edition187415 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

An Icelandic-English Dictionary — hatr

Oxford Clarendon Press · digital public-domain edition

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S093historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors202215 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Boy — American Heritage Dictionary

HarperCollins

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S094historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202615 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Collect — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S095historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Jonathan Slocum189815 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

HETTAN; HETTEND — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary H

Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas at Austin

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S096historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors202215 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hate — definition and etymology

HarperCollins Publishers

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S097historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202615 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Husband — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S098historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202615 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Legend — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S099historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202615 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lesson — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S100historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202615 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lord — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S101historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202615 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Proverb — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S102historical dictionary

Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short187915 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Verbum — Lewis and Short, A Latin Dictionary

Clarendon Press

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S103historical dictionary

CNRTL EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED15 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Étymologie: étymologie

CNRTL

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S104historical grammar

R. D. Fulk201814 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages — Gothic hatis

John Benjamins Publishing Company · Library of Congress

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S105historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202614 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Arithmetic — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S106historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202614 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Bridegroom — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S107historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202614 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Clew — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S108historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202614 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Conscience — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S109historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202614 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Dime — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S110historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202614 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etymon — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S111scholarly grammar

Todd B. Krause · Jonathan Slocum202614 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Online, Lesson 8 — hatis and denominative hatizōn

Linguistics Research Center · University of Texas at Austin

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S112historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichý201414 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

HETE — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online

Faculty of Arts, Charles University

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S113historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202614 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Kindred — definition, etymology, and first known use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
WITNESSES: 2
COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 3
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

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S114lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED14 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: λόγος

University of Chicago

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COMPARISONS: 3
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S115historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202614 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Mussel — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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COMPARISONS: 1
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S116historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202614 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Omniscient — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
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COMPARISONS: 3
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

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S117historical dictionary

ODS editorial team192214 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Ordbog over det danske Sprog — Fjende

Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
WITNESSES: 3
COMPARISONS: 1
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S118historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors202214 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Regal — American Heritage Dictionary

HarperCollins

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
WITNESSES: 0
COMPARISONS: 4
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 3
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

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S119historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202614 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Regular — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 3
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RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 2
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

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S120historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202614 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Regulate — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 3
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 2
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

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S121historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202614 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Salary — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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COMPARISONS: 2
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S122historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202614 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Select — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
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COMPARISONS: 4
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 1
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
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S123historical dictionary

Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones194014 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

ἔτυμος — A Greek-English Lexicon

Scaife ATLAS · Perseus Digital Library

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
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S124historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202613 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Bride — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
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COMPARISONS: 3
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RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 1
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

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S125historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202613 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Emotion — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 1
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DISPUTES: 1
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 8

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S126historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202613 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etymology — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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COMPARISONS: 5
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S127historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202613 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Exhume — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
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COMPARISONS: 1
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DISPUTES: 2
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S128research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg202613 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — Luke 1:71, hatandane

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

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S129research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg202613 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — Luke 6:27, hatandans

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

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S130historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Jonathan Slocum189813 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

HATIAN — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary H

Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas at Austin

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
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S131historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202613 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Humble — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S132historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202613 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lady — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S133historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202613 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Legal — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S134historical dictionary

Middle English Dictionary Editors202613 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Middle English Dictionary — fẹ̄nd, n.

University of Michigan

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S135historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202613 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Verbal — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S136historical dictionary

Middle English Dictionary Editors202613 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

girle — Middle English Dictionary

University of Michigan

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S137historical dictionary

Real Academia Española · Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española202412 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Aguacate — Diccionario de la lengua española

RAE · ASALE

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S138historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Algorithm — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

mw-algorithmAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S139historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors202212 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

American Heritage Dictionary: conscience

HarperCollins

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CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
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S140historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Calculate — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
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COMPARISONS: 2
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 1
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

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S141historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Candor — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
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S142historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

December — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 2
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 2
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

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S143historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Decimal — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
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COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 2
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

mw-decimalAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S144historical dictionary

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors201012 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — fjá, poetic verb

University of Copenhagen

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S145historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Disaster — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S146historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hatred — definition, etymology, and first known use

Merriam-Webster

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S147historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hospitality — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 5

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S148historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Humiliation — Definition and Etymology

Merriam-Webster

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S149historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Icon — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

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S150historical dictionary

Douglas Harper202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Icon — Origin and history

Online Etymology Dictionary

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
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S151scholarly lexicon

University of Texas Linguistics Research Center202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Lexicon: mūs-

University of Texas at Austin

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ut-lrc-musAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S152historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Intelligence — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
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S153scholarly dictionary

Rosemarie Lühr201412 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Kunni — Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen V

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht · Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig

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S154historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Law — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
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S155historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lecture — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S156historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Nescience — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S157historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Nice — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
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COMPARISONS: 1
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S158historical dictionary

Dictionary of South African English EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED12 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Ubuntu, noun

Dictionary of South African English

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S159historical dictionary

Duden Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Weib — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft

Cornelsen Verlag

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S160historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Word — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S161scholarly dictionary

Rosemarie Lühr201412 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

liuben; giliuben; liubi; liubî — Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen

Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
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S162historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

-logy — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S163historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors202211 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

American Heritage Dictionary: prescient

HarperCollins

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S164historical dictionary

Douglas Harper202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Arithmetic — Origin and history

Online Etymology Dictionary

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S165historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Chess — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S166historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Conscious — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-consciousAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S167lexical corpus record

Corpus Oudfries editors202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Corpus Oudfries — hatia in Jurisprudentia Frisica

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

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S168historical dictionary

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors202311 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — hata, verb

University of Copenhagen

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
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S169historical dictionary

Douglas Harper202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etymologize — Online Etymology Dictionary

Etymonline

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S170historical grammar

Joseph Wright191011 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Grammar of the Gothic Language — glossary entries hatan, hatis, hatizōn, and hatjan

Germanic Lexicon Project digital edition

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S171scholarly lexicon

University of Texas Linguistics Research Center202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Lexicon: ghosti-s

University of Texas at Austin

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S172research database

Linguistics Research Center EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED11 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Lexicon: sal-

University of Texas at Austin

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S173lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED11 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: ἐτυμολογία

University of Chicago

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S174editorial reference

Merriam-Webster Editors202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Muscle and Mussel — Homophones with More Than One Syllable

Merriam-Webster

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S175institutional lexicon

H. C. Petersen198711 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Qajaq-terms

Oqaasileriffik · Atuakkiorfik

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S176historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Robot — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-robotAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S177historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Rule — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-ruleAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S178historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Ten — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-tenAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S179historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors202211 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

True — American Heritage Dictionary

HarperCollins

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ahd-trueAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S180historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Verbatim — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-verbatimAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S181historical dictionary

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal editorial teamDATE NOT RECORDED11 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal — VRIEND I

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

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wnt-vriendAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S182historical dictionary

Dudenredaktion202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

lieb — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft

Duden

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S183historical dictionary

Oxford University Press Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Algebra — Word Origin

Oxford University Press

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S184historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Avocado — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-avocadoAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S185historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors202210 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Betroth — American Heritage Dictionary

HarperCollins

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ahd-betrothAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S186historical dictionary

Wilhelm Streitberg191010 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Die gotische Bibel — Wörterbuch entry hatis

Carl Winter · Project Wulfila digital edition

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S187historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors202210 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Direct — American Heritage Dictionary

HarperCollins

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ahd-directAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S188historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Emoticon — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S189historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etymologize — Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary

Merriam-Webster

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S190research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — John 7:23, hatizoþ

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

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S191historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hospice — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S192historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hotel — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S193historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Kayak — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S194historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Legible — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S195research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lemma hatan — Gothic dictionary and occurrence inventory

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

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S196research database

Lexicon Poeticum · Skaldic Project editorsDATE NOT RECORDED10 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lexicon Poeticum — hata, verb

University of Copenhagen · Skaldic Project

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S197historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logic — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S198historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Mango — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S199historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Muscle — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S200academic thesis

Martin Gális201710 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Mycenae, Troy and Anatolia: Mycenaean Names in Hittite Documents, and Anatolian Names in the Homeric Iliad

Charles University, Faculty of Arts

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S201historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors202210 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Realm — American Heritage Dictionary

HarperCollins

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S202historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Realm — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S203historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Taboo — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S204historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Tepee — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S205scholarly reference

Daniel Balland and Marcel Bazin201310 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

ČĀY — Tea

Encyclopaedia Iranica

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iranica-teaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S206historical dictionary

Geir T. Zoëga19109 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic — fjá

Oxford University Press · digital transcription

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zoega-fjaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S207historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Alpaca — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S208historical dictionary

Dietrich Hofmann · Anne Tjerk Popkema20089 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch — extracted entry hatia

Universitätsverlag Winter · extracted web presentation

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S209historical dictionary

Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon18749 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

An Icelandic-English Dictionary — hata

Clarendon Press · digital transcription

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S210historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etymologist — Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary

Merriam-Webster

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S211historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hostile — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S212scholarly reference

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors20229 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Roots: man-1 and men-1

HarperCollins

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S213historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Intellect — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S214historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20229 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Kindred — definition and etymology

HarperCollins Publishers

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S215historical dictionary

Douglas Harper20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Legislation — Origin and history

Online Etymology Dictionary

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S216historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Loaf — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-loafAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S217historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Muscle — Word History

HarperCollins

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S218historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Mussel — Word History

HarperCollins

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S219historical dictionary

Oxford English Dictionary EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED9 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Oxford English Dictionary: clue, n.

Oxford University Press

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S220historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Prescient — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S221historical dictionary

Douglas Harper20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Prologue — Origin and history

Online Etymology Dictionary

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S222historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Rich — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S223historical dictionary

Max Vasmer19539 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Чай — Этимологический словарь русского языка

Vasmer Etymological Dictionary · Lexicography.online

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S224scholarly reference

Rüdiger Schmitt19838 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Achaemenid Dynasty I: The Clan and Dynasty

Encyclopaedia Iranica

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S225historical dictionary

Douglas Harper20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Algorism — Origin and history

Online Etymology Dictionary

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S226research database

Calvert Watkins · American Heritage Dictionary Editors20118 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

American Heritage Dictionary Indo-European Roots Appendix

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

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ahd-ie-bherAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S227historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20228 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

American Heritage Dictionary: algorithm

HarperCollins

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ahd-algorithmAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S228historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20228 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

American Heritage Dictionary: lay

HarperCollins

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ahd-layAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S229historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Betroth — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S230historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichý20148 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — feón, to hate

Faculty of Arts, Charles University

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S231lexical corpus record

Corpus Oudfries editors20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Corpus Oudfries — hatia in the Register to Jus Municipale Frisonum

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

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S232historical dictionary

Douglas Harper20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etymologist — Online Etymology Dictionary

Etymonline

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S233scholarly dictionary

N. van Wijk, after Johannes Franck19128 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Franck’s Etymologisch Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal — liefhebben, liefde, lief

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal digital edition

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franck-liefAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S234historical dictionary

Gammeldansk Ordbogs redaktionDATE NOT RECORDED8 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gammeldansk Ordbog — fiende

Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab

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gammeldansk-fiendeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S235historical dictionary

CNRTL · ATILF Editors20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Humiliation — étymologie et histoire

CNRS · Université de Lorraine

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cnrtl-humiliationAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S236scholarly reference

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors20228 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Root: dhē(i)-

HarperCollins

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ahd-ie-dheiAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S237historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Kin — definition, etymology, and first known use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-kinAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S238research database

Lexicon Poeticum · Skaldic Project editorsDATE NOT RECORDED8 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lexicon Poeticum — fjándi, noun masculine, enemy or devil

University of Copenhagen · Skaldic Project

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S239lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED8 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: candeo

University of Chicago

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logeion-candeoAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S240historical dictionary

Australian National Dictionary CentreDATE NOT RECORDED8 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Meanings and origins of Australian words and idioms — boomerang

Australian National University

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andc-boomerangAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S241historical dictionary

Middle English Dictionary editors20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Middle English Dictionary — frẹ̄nd, n.

University of Michigan

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med-frendAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S242historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Moose — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-mooseAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S243scholarly reference

Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel and University of Texas Linguistics Research Center EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED8 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Old Irish Online: Introduction

University of Texas at Austin

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ut-old-irishAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S244historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Right — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-rightAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S245scholarly reference

Kirsti Aapala · Klaas Ruppel20198 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Sauna

Institute for the Languages of Finland (Kotus)

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kotus-saunaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S246historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Shah — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-shahAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S247scholarly monograph

Marta Tío Sáenz20198 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

The Lemmatisation of Old English Weak Verbs on a Relational Database

Universidad de La Rioja

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tio-saenz-old-english-weak-verbsAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S248historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20228 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Troth — American Heritage Dictionary

HarperCollins

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ahd-trothAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S249historical dictionary

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal editorial team19598 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal — VIJAND

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

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wnt-vijandAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S250historical dictionary

Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short18798 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

hostis — Lewis and Short Latin Dictionary

Scaife ATLAS · Perseus Digital Library

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ls-hostisAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S251institutional lexicon

Académie française Editors20248 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Étymon — Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, 9e édition

Académie française

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academie-french-etymonAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S252historical dictionary

Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones19408 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

ἐτήτυμος — A Greek-English Lexicon

Scaife ATLAS · Perseus Digital Library

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scaife-lsj-etetymosAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S253historical dictionary

Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig · Trier Center for Digital Humanities20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — haz, Old Saxon hetias in the Saxon Confession

Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig

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awb-haz-hetias-saxon-confessionAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S254historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20227 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

American Heritage Dictionary: conscious

HarperCollins

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ahd-consciousAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S255historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20227 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

American Heritage Dictionary: legible

HarperCollins

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ahd-legibleAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S256lexical corpus record

Corpus Oudfries editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Corpus Oudfries — hatia in the Book of Rudolf

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

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corpus-oudfries-j-rud-hatiaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S257historical dictionary

Oskar Reichmann et al.DATE NOT RECORDED7 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Frühneuhochdeutsches Wörterbuch — hetzen

Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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fwb-hetzenAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S258historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hammock — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-hammockAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S259historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Humility — Definition, Use, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-humilityAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S260scholarly reference

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors20227 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Root: bheue- and bheu-

HarperCollins

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ahd-ie-bheueAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S261historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Kimchi — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-kimchiAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S262scholarly dictionary

Rosemarie Lühr20147 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Kind — Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen V

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht · Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig

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ewa-kindAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S263historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Kind — definition, etymology, and first known use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-kindAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S264historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Legislator — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-legislatorAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S265lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED7 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: legō / legere

University of Chicago

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logeion-lego-latinAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S266historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Mouse — Word History

HarperCollins

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ahd-mouseAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S267research database

Linguistics Research Center editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Old High German Reflex Index — Pokorny k̑ād-

The University of Texas at Austin

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ut-ohg-reflex-index-kadAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S268historical dictionary

Johan FritznerDATE NOT RECORDED7 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Ordbog over Det gamle norske Sprog — hata

Digital transcription

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fritzner-hataAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S269historical dictionary

Oxford English Dictionary EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED7 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Oxford English Dictionary: sincere, adj.

Oxford University Press

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oed-sincereAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S270historical dictionary

Douglas Harper20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Salt — Origin and history

Online Etymology Dictionary

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etymonline-saltAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S271academic thesis

Christopher Gordon Bailey19977 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

The Etymology of the Old High German Weak Verb

Newcastle University

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S272historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

True — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-trueAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S273historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Yogurt — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-yogurtAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S274institutional lexicon

Académie française Editors20247 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Étymologie — Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, 9e édition

Académie française

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
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S275institutional lexicon

Académie française Editors20247 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Étymologique — Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, 9e édition

Académie française

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S276lexical database

Calfa Armenian Lexicography Project Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Ստոյգ, ուգաց — Enriched Dictionaries of Armenian

Calfa.fr

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
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calfa-stoygAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S277historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20226 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

American Heritage Dictionary: emotion

HarperCollins

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ahd-emotionAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S278historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichy20146 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — freón

Faculty of Arts, Charles University

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bosworth-toller-freonAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S279etymological dictionary

Friedrich Kluge · translated by John Francis Davis18916 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language — hetzen

George Bell & Sons · Wikisource scan

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kluge-1891-hetzenAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S280historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth, Thomas Northcote Toller, Christ Sean, and Ondřej Tichý20146 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

BRÝD — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online

Faculty of Arts, Charles University

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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bosworth-toller-brydAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S281historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20266 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Chalk — Word History and Etymology Note

Merriam-Webster

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mw-chalkAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S282comparative dictionary

Robert L. Rankin, Richard T. Carter, A. Wesley Jones, John E. Koontz, David S. Rood, and Iren Hartmann, editors20156 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Comparative Siouan Dictionary — dwell, dwelling, house

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology

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S283lexical database

Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and HumanitiesDATE NOT RECORDED6 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Corpus of Latin Dictionaries: candidatus

BBAW

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cld-candidatusAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S284critical edition

W. J. Buma19496 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Die Brokmer Rechtshandschriften — B 101 and critical note hatia = atia

Springer

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buma-brokmer-hatia-atiaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S285historical dictionary

Douglas Harper20266 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etymological — Online Etymology Dictionary

Etymonline

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etymonline-etymologicalAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S286scholarly reference

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors20226 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Root: wer-3

HarperCollins

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ahd-ie-wer3AUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S287research database

Project Wulfila editors; Wilhelm Streitberg20266 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lemma *liufs — Gothic dictionary

Project Wulfila

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wulfila-liufsAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S288historical text edition

Voluspa.org editorDATE NOT RECORDED6 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Literal Poetic Edda text — Lokasenna

Voluspa.org

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voluspa-lokasennaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S289historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20226 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Male — American Heritage Dictionary

HarperCollins

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ahd-maleAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S290historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20226 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Man — American Heritage Dictionary and Word History

HarperCollins

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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ahd-manAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S291historical dictionary

Georg Friedrich Benecke · Wilhelm Müller · Friedrich Zarncke18546 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch — haʒʒe, swv.

Wörterbuchnetz · Trier Center for Digital Humanities

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bmz-hazzeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S292historical dictionary

Johan FritznerDATE NOT RECORDED6 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Ordbog over Det gamle norske Sprog — frændi

University of Oslo digital edition reproduced in ONP

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fritzner-fraendiAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S293monograph

Lucía Loureiro-Porto20246 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Pragmatic Markers in World Englishes: Kind of and Sort of as a Case in Point

Publicacions de la Universitat de València

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loureiro-porto-kind-ofAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S294historical text edition

Skaldic Project editorsDATE NOT RECORDED6 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Teaching Texts — Skírnismál

Skaldic Project · University of Aberdeen

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skaldic-teaching-skirnismalAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S295scholarly book

Andrei A. Znamenski20076 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

The Beauty of the Primitive: Shamanism and Western Imagination

Oxford University Press

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znamenski-2007-shamanAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S296conference paper

Erdoğan Boz20126 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Türkçe Sözlüklerde Çok Anlamlı Sözlük Birimlerindeki Art Zamanlı Anlam Değişme Olayları ve “Çay” Örneği

VII. Uluslararası Türk Dili Kurultayı Bildirileri · Türk Dil Kurumu

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boz-2012-turkish-cayAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S297scholarly book

Leonhard Praeg · Siphokazi Magadla, editors20146 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Ubuntu: Curating the Archive

University of KwaZulu-Natal Press · University of Pretoria repository

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praeg-magadla-ubuntuAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S298editorial reference

Merriam-Webster Editors20265 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

9 Financial Words With Surprising Origins

Merriam-Webster

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mw-financial-word-originsAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S299monograph

R. D. Fulk20185 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages

John Benjamins Publishing Company · Library of Congress

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fulk-comparative-germanicAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S300scholarly article

Peter Zieme20085 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

A Note on the Word “Shaman” in Old Turkic

Shaman · International Society for Academic Research on Shamanism

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zieme-2008-shamanAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S301historical dictionary

Gerhard Köbler20145 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, 4th edition — hatia

Gerhard Köbler

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koebler-altfriesisch-hatiaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S302historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20225 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

American Heritage Dictionary: icon

HarperCollins

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ahd-iconAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S303institutional lexicon

Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians20265 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Bók — creek

MBCI Choctaw Language Dictionary

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mbci-choctaw-bokAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S304community lexicon

Navajo Word of the Day Editors20125 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hooghan — home or house

Navajo Word of the Day

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navajo-wotd-hooghanAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S305institutional reference

Canadian Language Museum20225 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indigenous Languages in Canada — English loans

Canadian Language Museum · York University

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language-museum-indigenous-loansAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S306historical dictionary

Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicalesDATE NOT RECORDED5 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Jaguar — étymologie

CNRTL · CNRS

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cnrtl-jaguarAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S307historical dictionary

Douglas Harper20265 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Legible — Origin and history

Online Etymology Dictionary

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etymonline-legibleAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S308research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20265 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lemma fian — redirect and historical dictionary variant

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

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wulfila-fianAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S309historical dictionary

Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones · Scaife ATLAS editors19405 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κήδω and κήδομαι

Tufts University · Scaife ATLAS

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perseus-atlas-lsj-kedoAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S310lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED5 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: astrum

University of Chicago

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logeion-astrumAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S311lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED5 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: intellegō

University of Chicago

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logeion-intellegoAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S312lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED5 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: lex

University of Chicago

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logeion-lexAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S313lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED5 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: sincerus

University of Chicago

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logeion-sincerusAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S314scholarly article

Gilberto Sánchez Cabezas20105 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Los mapuchismos en el DRAE

Boletín de Filología, Universidad de Chile

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S315historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20265 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Orphan — Indo-European Etymology

Merriam-Webster

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mw-orphanAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S316historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20225 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Person — American Heritage Dictionary

HarperCollins

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ahd-personAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S317historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20225 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Prosopopeia — American Heritage Dictionary

HarperCollins

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ahd-prosopopeiaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S318historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20265 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Quarantine — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-quarantineAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S319scholarly article

Jussi YlikoskiDATE NOT RECORDED5 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Suomen kiuas, karjalan kiukua ja havaintoja etymologian tutkimusperinteestä

Sananjalka

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ylikoski-kiuasAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S320historical dictionary

Richard John Cunliffe19245 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

ἐτεός — A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect

Scaife ATLAS · Perseus Digital Library

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S321historical dictionary

Albert L. Lloyd and Otto Springer19884 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Altwîb — Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen I

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

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ewa-altwibAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S322etymological dictionary

Wolfgang Pfeifer · DWDS editorial team20264 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

DWDS — hassen, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeifer

Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences

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S323research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20264 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — Ephesians 2:3, hatize and hatis

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

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S324historical dictionary

Real Academia Española and ASALE Editors20264 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Llama — Diccionario de la lengua española

Real Academia Española

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rae-llamaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S325lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED4 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: candidus

University of Chicago

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logeion-candidusAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S326historical dictionary

Middle English Dictionary Editors20264 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Middle English Dictionary: etimologie n.

University of Michigan

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med-etimologieAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S327research database

Linguistics Research Center editors20264 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Old Saxon Reflex Index — hatan, hatōn, heti, and hōti under k̑ād-

The University of Texas at Austin

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ut-old-saxon-reflex-index-kadAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S328monograph

Charles Barber · Joan C. Beal · Philip A. Shaw20094 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

The English Language: A Historical Introduction, second edition

Cambridge University Press

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barber-beal-shaw-english-languageAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S329historical dictionary

Real Academia Española and ASALE Editors20263 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Alpaca — Diccionario de la lengua española

Real Academia Española

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rae-alpacaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S330research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20263 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — Romans 12:9, fiandans

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

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S331scholarly reference

Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors20223 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Indo-European Root: gwou-

HarperCollins

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ahd-ie-gwouAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S332lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED3 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: quadraginta

University of Chicago

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logeion-quadragintaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S333lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED3 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: quattuor

University of Chicago

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logeion-quattuorAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S334historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20223 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Raja — American Heritage Dictionary and Word History

HarperCollins

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ahd-rajaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S335historical dictionary

Svenska Akademiens ordboksredaktion19303 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Svenska Akademiens ordbok — HATA

Svenska Akademien

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saob-hataAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S336editorial reference

Merriam-Webster Editors20173 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

The Word Origins of Algebra, Calculus, and Other Math Terms

Merriam-Webster

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mw-math-word-originsAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S337historical dictionary

American Heritage Dictionary Editors20223 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Truth — American Heritage Dictionary

HarperCollins

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ahd-truthAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S338historical dictionary

Royal Irish Academy · eDIL editors20263 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

eDIL — 2 cais, eye homograph

Royal Irish Academy

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edil-cais-eyeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S339research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20262 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — John 12:25, fiaiþ

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

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S340research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20262 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — Romans 11:28, fijandans

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

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S341historical dictionary

Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones19401 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

ἐτητυμία — A Greek-English Lexicon

Scaife ATLAS · Perseus Digital Library

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scaife-lsj-etetymiaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

READING THE REGISTER

WHAT A CITATION DOES—AND DOES NOT—PROVE

01SUPPORTS

The cited passage or record supports the attached historical claim.

02CHALLENGES

The source argues against or complicates the attached analysis.

03CONTRADICTS

The source supplies evidence incompatible with the claim as stated.

04CONTEXT

The source informs chronology or interpretation without proving descent.

SHOW THERECEIPTS.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY IS A GRAPH, NOT A FOOTNOTE DUMP.

341 SOURCES IN THIS VIEW

Hate — definition, etymology, and first known use

Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic — *fi(j)ēn- and *fi(j)and-

The shortest history of hatred continued and partly concluded

Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026

Oxford English Dictionary — friend, n. & adj.

A Handbook of Germanic Etymology — *xataz, *xatjanan, and *xatōjanan

Altsächsisches Wörterbuch — hatōn and hėttiand

Indo-European Root reg-

On the syntax of the Agent nouns in Gothic: the case of nd-formations

Indo-European Root: dhghem-

Indo-European Root deru-

Oudnederlands Woordenboek — fīunt

Indo-European Root: dheigh-

Celto-Germanic — HATRED *kad-

Lemma fijan — Gothic dictionary and 42-token candidate inventory

Indo-European Root genə-

Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîant, fîjant

American Heritage Dictionary — friend

Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîên

Had a Long Day of Travel? Check Into a Hospital

Indo-European Root ghos-ti-

Svenska Akademiens ordbok — FIENDE

Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — FEÓGAN

Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — hassen

Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vijand

eDIL — 1 cais, noun explained as both love and hate

DWDS — Feind, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeifer

Indo-European Lexicon: *leg-

Lemma fijands — Gothic enemy noun and 26-token candidate inventory

Chapter 138: Tea

DWDS — Hass, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeifer

Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vriend

Duden — hassen

Etygram: ἐτός / ἔτυμος dossier

Indo-European Root dekm̥

Check — Word History

Den Danske Ordbog — fjende

Science — Word History

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — feónd

DWDS — Freund, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeifer

Calculus — Word History and Etymology Note

Guest — Word History

Indo-European Lexicon — k̑ād- : k̑ədes- : k̑əd-s- and its reflexes

Chess

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — fjándi, masculine noun

Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: A

Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — freónd

An Icelandic-English Dictionary — fjándi

TAPU [OC] — Prohibited, under ritual restriction, taboo

Urban legends: Turkish kayık “boat” and “Eskimo” qayaq “kayak”

Wife — Definition and Word History

An Icelandic-English Dictionary — FRÆNDI

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine noun

Toward a constructional framework for research on language change

A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — hete and related entries

hetzen — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft

Celtic, chapter 9 of The Indo-European Language Family

Checkmate — Word History

Dairy — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Host — Word History

Indo-European Root mūs-

Indo-European Root wer-5

Emotion — Origin and history

Indo-European Lexicon: *leubh-

Kuning — Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen V

Dialogue — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Duden — Feind

Etymological — Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary

Indo-European Lexicon — kʷē̆d-, kʷō̆d- and its bore, prick, whet, and incite reflexes

Notes on Gothic Forms — Hatan : hatjan “to hate”

Adverb — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Candid — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — Freund

FAQ — Emoji and Pictographs

Humiliate — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Indo-European Lexicon: legh-

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Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic — fi(j)ēn- and fi(j)and-

A Handbook of Germanic Etymology — xataz, xatjanan, and *xatōjanan

Proto-Germanic xatiz, xatōn-, -ēn- and *xatjan-