PERMANENT SOURCE RECORD
ALL SOURCES ↗BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYgammeldansk-fiende
SOURCE
RECORD.
One work. Every claim that depends on it. No citation without a consequence you can inspect.
8 PUBLIC LINKS INTO THE GRAPH.
This count excludes duplicate dossier-path citations. Open the claims below to see exactly how the source is used.
historical dictionarygammeldansk-fiende
Gammeldansk Ordbog — fiende
- AUTHOR / EDITOR
- Gammeldansk Ordbogs redaktion
- YEAR
- Not recorded
- PUBLISHER
- Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab
- DOI
- Not recorded
- SOURCE TYPE
- historical dictionary
- EXTERNAL RECORD
- OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
011
CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS
RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
RANK 40GRADE Asupports
Modern Danish kept the enemy but lost the hate verb inside its grammar.
DDO identifies fjende as historically a present participle of a verb corresponding to Old Norse fjá, to hate or persecute. Old Danish fiende then survives through a remarkable surface cloud: Fiende, Fiænde, Finde, Fînde, clipped Fiend, and both two- and three-syllable scans. The current noun no longer means that every enemy literally feels hate; it names active opposition and extends to states, ideologies, animals, weather, and abstractions. The grammatical fossil unveils a history, not a timeless essence.
*peh₁-
*peh₁- → *fi(j)ēn- → *fi(j)and- → fiende → fjende
Headword fiende; known since 1100–1300Supplies the Old Danish form and evidence range.
fjende dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
023
SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT
DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
opensupportsestablished
What is the exact earliest surviving Danish fjende token?
Not established by the inspected public evidence. Gammeldansk Ordbog reports fiende as known since 1100–1300 but exposes no exact first token on the entry page.
Headword fiende; known since 1100–1300Supplies only a broad evidence range.
resolvedcontextprobable
Was the Devil meaning the original Danish sense?
No source inspected establishes that. Old Danish is glossed simply enemy, and the historical dictionaries present Devil as a special development inside the broader enemy field.
Headword fiende, gloss fjendePreserves the general Old Danish category.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Does known since 1100–1300 mean the word was coined then?
No. It bounds surviving Old Danish evidence and does not date the prehistoric lexicalization or first spoken Danish use.
Known since 1100–1300Bounds evidence without claiming coinage.
031
CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS
EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
EDGE 1212supportsprobable
fiende → *fi(j)and-
Old Danish → Proto-Germanic · inheritance
- SOUND
- Old Danish fiende continues the North Germanic reflex of the inherited fi(j)- plus nd agent formation, with branch-specific vowel, glide, ending, and inflectional developments.
- MEANING
- The already lexicalized one-who-hates formation is inherited as an ordinary enemy noun; the Devil and broader figurative branches belong to attested Danish semantic history.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Den Danske Ordbogs redaktion · ODS editorial team · Daniel Ayora Estevan · Guus Kroonen
Headword fiende; known since 1100–1300Supplies the Old Danish form and bounded chronology.
041
LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS
WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE
fjendeSOURCE-REPORTED
fiende
Gammeldansk Ordbog headword record
OPEN WITNESS 423 ↗051
COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE
COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES
fiende
Old Danishthe medieval Danish form recorded broadly from 1100–1300
061
GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS
JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
stage 3supports
Old Danish textual horizon
Supplies the bounded Old Danish horizon.
Headword fiende; Kendt siden 1100–1300 · broad070
NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS
HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE
No non-genealogical context link currently cites this source.
081
WORD-FAMILY REUSE
DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE
1 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.