PERMANENT SOURCE RECORD
ALL SOURCES ↗BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYlewis-short-verbum
SOURCE
RECORD.
One work. Every claim that depends on it. No citation without a consequence you can inspect.
15 PUBLIC LINKS INTO THE GRAPH.
This count excludes duplicate dossier-path citations. Open the claims below to see exactly how the source is used.
historical dictionarylewis-short-verbum
Verbum — Lewis and Short, A Latin Dictionary
- AUTHOR / EDITOR
- Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short
- YEAR
- 1879
- PUBLISHER
- Clarendon Press
- DOI
- Not recorded
- SOURCE TYPE
- historical dictionary
- EXTERNAL RECORD
- OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
014
CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS
RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
RANK 97GRADE Asupports
A verb was once any word.
Latin verbum could mean word, utterance, expression, language, or discourse before and beside its technical grammatical sense. English inherited the specialized label.
*werh₁-
*werh₁- → *wer-dho- → verbum → verbum → verbe → verbe → verb
I and II.CDocuments both the broad word and discourse senses and the grammatical specialization.
verb dossier ↗truth record ↗86UNVEILING
RANK 99GRADE Acontext
A proverb is not a pro-verb.
Proverb the traditional saying reaches English in the fourteenth century through Latin proverbium. Hyphenated pro-verb is a distinct grammatical substitute reported only from 1907.
*werh₁-
*werh₁- → *wer-dho- → verbum → proverbium → proverbe → proverbe → proverb
Latin verbum sense rangeDocuments the word component inside proverbium.
proverb dossier ↗truth record ↗86UNVEILING
RANK 152GRADE Acontext
Verbatim was an adverb first.
English borrowed Medieval Latin verbatim “word for word” in the fifteenth century; the adjective use appears in the reviewed record only in 1613.
*werh₁-
*werh₁- → *wer-dho- → verbum → verbātim → verbatim
I.B.1: ad verbum and verbum pro verboDocuments the older Latin phrase family behind literal word-for-word exactness.
verbatim dossier ↗truth record ↗85UNVEILING
RANK 161GRADE Acontext
Verbal is bigger than spoken.
The form is built on Latin verbum “word, verb,” and English verbal still covers what consists of words, what relates to verbs, spoken communication, exact wording, and verbal aptitude.
*werh₁-
*werh₁- → *wer-dho- → verbum → verbālis → verbale → verbal
General senses of Latin verbumAnchors the older word-centered meaning.
verbal dossier ↗truth record ↗85UNVEILING
023
SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT
DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
resolvedsupportsestablished
Did verb always mean only the grammatical class?
No. Latin verbum broadly meant word, utterance, expression, language, or discourse and also developed the specialized grammatical sense.
I: word and discourse; II.C: grammatical verbDirectly separates the broad and specialized Latin senses.
resolvedcontextestablished
Does verbal historically mean only spoken rather than written?
No. The oldest structural center is Latin verbum plus -alis, of or relating to words; the spoken contrast is one later English sense among several.
General Latin verbum sensesAnchors the older word-centered semantic base.
resolvedcontextestablished
Does verbatim mean one isolated word?
No. Its Medieval Latin formation and older Latin phrase family express distributive exactness: word by word.
I.B.1: ad verbum and verbum pro verboDocuments the older word-for-word phrase family.
032
CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS
EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
EDGE 633supportsestablished
verbum → verbum
Latin → Latin · semantic specialization
- SOUND
- The Latin form is unchanged; the grammatical use selects one technical sense of verbum.
- MEANING
- A general word or utterance becomes the name of the predicate word class.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Lewis and Short
I and II.C: general word senses and grammatical verbDirectly distinguishes broad Latin verbum from the specialized grammatical use.
EDGE 658contextestablished
verbātim → verbum
Medieval Latin → Latin · derivation
- SOUND
- Medieval Latin verbatim forms an adverb on verbum with -atim.
- MEANING
- A word becomes the base of the distributive sense word by word.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Merriam-Webster Editors
I.B.1: ad verbum and verbum pro verbo, word for wordDocuments the Classical Latin word-for-word phrase family.
040
LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS
WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE
No lexical witness currently cites this source.
054
COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE
COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES
verbose
English / Latin lineageverbum-family derivative through Latin verbosus
ad verbum
Latin phraseword-for-word phrase in the Classical Latin family
verbum pro verbo
Latin phraseliteral-translation phrase in the Classical Latin family
vaurd
GothicGermanic cognate cited beside Latin verbum
062
GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS
JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
stage 2supports
Roman world
Documents general and grammatical Latin uses across the ancient literary record.
I and II.C, cited Latin examples · broadstage 1supports
Roman world
Documents Classical Latin word-for-word expressions.
I.B.1: ad verbum and verbum pro verbo · broad070
NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS
HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE
No non-genealogical context link currently cites this source.
085
WORD-FAMILY REUSE
DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE
2 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.