PERMANENT SOURCE RECORD
ALL SOURCES ↗BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYwulfila-luke-6-27-hatandans
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research databasewulfila-luke-6-27-hatandans
Gothic Bible word analysis — Luke 6:27, hatandans
- AUTHOR / EDITOR
- Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg
- YEAR
- 2026
- PUBLISHER
- Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp
- DOI
- Not recorded
- SOURCE TYPE
- research database
- EXTERNAL RECORD
- OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
012
CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS
RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
RANK 29GRADE Asupports
One Gothic hate verb survives once—in a command to do good to those who hate you.
Project Wulfila’s only verified hatjan token is hatjandam in Matthew 5:44, directly visible on Codex Argenteus folio 3v. A parallel “love your enemies” command in Luke 6:27 instead uses hatandans from class-III hatan. The translation gloss “hate” therefore hides a genuine grammatical and historical dispute.
*ḱeh₂d-
*ḱeh₂d- → *ḱh₂d-es- → *hatiz- → *xatjanan → hatjan
Luke 6:27, hatandansSupplies the parallel Gospel command in the other paradigm.
hatjan dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
RANK 31GRADE Asupports
Gothic’s two hate verbs trade places across two passages.
The complete surviving hatan corpus contains only hatandane in Luke 1:71 and hatandans in Luke 6:27. In Luke 1, fijandam supplies enemies while hatandane supplies those hating; in Luke 6, hatandans supplies enemies while fijandam supplies those hating. Both Codex Argenteus pages are directly inspected. The lexical swap—and the class-III versus class-I dispute—cannot be represented by one timeless translation arrow.
*ḱeh₂d-
*ḱeh₂d- → *ḱh₂d-es- → *hatiz- → *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan → hatan
Luke 6:27, Gothic and Greek alignmentDocuments hatandans as enemies and fijandam as those hating.
hatan dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
027
SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT
DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
opensupportsprobable
Are fijan and hatan perfect synonyms?
They overlap, but the surviving corpus does not prove identity. In Luke 1 fijandam supplies enemies and hatandane those hating; in Luke 6 hatandans supplies enemies and fijandam those hating. Sturtevant uses their association in a formal argument without proving interchangeable semantics everywhere.
Luke 6:27, hatandans for enemies and fijandam for those hatingDocuments the reversed assignment.
opensupportsprobable
Does the Luke lexical swap resolve the remaining 21 noun-participle candidates?
No. Luke 1:71 and 6:27 show that fijan and hatan can exchange the work of enemies and those hating, but those two contextual alignments do not determine every other fijand- token.
Luke 6:27, hatandans for enemies and fijandam for those hatingDocuments the reversed side.
opensupportsprobable
Do the written endings alone settle the participles’ case and gender?
No. Project Wulfila gives masculine or neuter genitive plural for hatandane and masculine nominative or accusative plural for hatandans. The clauses resolve the contextual readings through syntax and Greek alignment, but the surface forms remain formally syncretic.
Luke 6:27, masculine nominative- or accusative-plural analyses for hatandansPublishes the formal ambiguity and contextual verse.
opensupportsprobable
Are hatan and fijan perfect synonyms?
They overlap in the Gothic hate field, but the surviving passages do not prove total synonymy. Luke 1 uses fijandam for enemies and hatandane for those hating; Luke 6 reverses those constructional roles. Sturtevant treats semantic association as relevant to formal association, not as proof that every sense and construction was identical.
Luke 6:27, hatandans for enemies and fijandam for those hatingDocuments the reversed constructional assignment.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Does fijan map one-to-one to Greek miseō, hate?
No. Verbal contexts commonly translate Greek miseō, but the shared fijand- formation also corresponds to Greek echthros, enemy. Luke 1:71 and Luke 6:27 even reverse the constructional work done by fijan and hatan.
Luke 6:27, fijandam aligned with Greek those hatingDocuments the reversed contextual mapping.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Is the infinitive hatan written in the surviving corpus?
No. The two surviving forms are hatandane and hatandans, both present participles. Hatan is the normalized dictionary citation form assigned by Project Wulfila and the historical grammars.
Luke 6:27, morphology of hatandansIdentifies the second token as a present participle.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Does hatan map one-to-one to Greek miseō, hate?
No. Luke 1:71 aligns hatandane with Greek misountōn, those hating, but Luke 6:27 aligns hatandans with echthrous, enemies. A dictionary gloss cannot replace verse-level lexical alignment.
Luke 6:27, hatandans aligned with Greek echthrousDocuments the enemies correspondence.
031
CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS
EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
EDGE 1148supportsprobable
fijan → hatan
Gothic → Gothic · translation overlap
- SOUND
- No sound descent is claimed. The edge records two distinct Gothic class-III verbs used in overlapping translation constructions.
- MEANING
- Across Luke 1:71 and 6:27, fijan and hatan exchange the roles enemies and those hating.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Project Wulfila editors · Albert Morey Sturtevant
Luke 6:27, hatandans for enemies and fijandam for those hatingDocuments the reversed side of the lexical swap.
040
LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS
WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE
No lexical witness currently cites this source.
052
COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE
COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES
061
GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS
JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
stage 2supports
Fourth-century Gothic translation tradition
Locates the second participle and the swapped lexical roles.
Luke 6:27, hatandans with Gothic and Greek alignment · broad070
NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS
HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE
No non-genealogical context link currently cites this source.
084
WORD-FAMILY REUSE