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BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYdwb-freund

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historical dictionarydwb-freund

Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — Freund

AUTHOR / EDITOR
Jacob Grimm · Wilhelm Grimm
YEAR
1878
PUBLISHER
S. Hirzel · digital presentation by DWDS
DOI
Not recorded
SOURCE TYPE
historical dictionary
EXTERNAL RECORD
OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
4CANONICAL EDGES
5WITNESSES
1COMPARISONS
1CONTEXT LINKS
1RANKED REVEALS
4DISPUTES
1JOURNEY STAGES
2WORD DOSSIERS
01

CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS

RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

1
RANK 53GRADE Asupports

Freund fossilizes the loving one—but it does not come from Freude.

Pfeifer, Duden, and Grimm route Freund through Middle High German vriunt and Old High German friunt to a substantivized Germanic present participle of the love verb. Grimm also makes the structural contrast explicit: Feind is built on a different hate verb. The unveiling is grammatical rather than mystical—Freund and Feind look like a moral pair because both preserve agent-noun architecture, not because one ancient root split into love and hate.

*prī-

*prī- → *frī- → *frijōnd- → friunt → vriunt → Freund

Opening etymology and contrast with feind

Supplies the grammatical mirror and distinct verb bases.

Freund dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
02

SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT

DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

4
03

CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS

EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

4
EDGE 1276supportsprobable

*frijōnd- → *frī-

Proto-Germanic → Proto-Germanic · participial derivation

SOUND
The agent noun is built with Germanic present-participial nd-morphology on the *frī- or earlier *frij- base. OED traces the later *iu diphthong to contraction with the suffixal vowel.
MEANING
A productive loving or favorably disposed participant becomes a lexical noun for friend or relation. The derivation does not make every later friend literally a person performing a continuous act of loving.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Oxford English Dictionary editors · Bosworth · Toller · American Heritage Dictionary editors
Opening etymology: participle of frijôn, amare

Independently glosses the formation as a loving one.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1279contextestablished

Freund → vriunt

German → Middle High German · historical continuation

SOUND
Middle High German initial v in the written tradition gives way to modern F; the historical vowel and glide develop into the modern /ɔʏ̯/ diphthong, while final obstruent devoicing yields /t/ in the citation form. Capitalization standardizes with the German noun.
MEANING
Friend, relative, lover, ally, and supporter senses continue with different weights; the modern lexical category is not reduced to an active participle.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Wolfgang Pfeifer · Dudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm
Etymology and numbered meanings

Independently supplies the High German form history and historical uses.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1280supportsestablished

vriunt → friunt

Middle High German → Old High German · historical continuation

SOUND
Old High German friunt continues as Middle High German vriunt with High German orthographic and phonological development; historical f and v spellings do not mark a new lexical root.
MEANING
The inherited friend and relation noun expands across neighbor, lover, trusted companion, and social ally uses.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Wolfgang Pfeifer · Jacob Grimm
Opening etymology: OHG friunt; MHG vriunt

Independently publishes the continuation.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1281supportsprobable

friunt → *frijōnd-

Old High German → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
Old High German friunt reflects the inherited Germanic participial stem represented as *frijōnd-. The exact pre-High-German vowel sequence and full paradigm are reconstructed from the cognate set.
MEANING
An inherited loving or favorably disposed participant is already lexicalized as an ordinary friend or relation noun in the recorded High German branch.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Wolfgang Pfeifer · Jacob Grimm
Opening etymology: Gothic frijônds and Germanic comparanda

Supplies independent participial and cross-Germanic evidence.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
04

LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS

WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE

5
FreundSOURCE-REPORTED

friunt

Otfried, friends addressed directly

OPEN WITNESS 514 ↗
FreundSOURCE-REPORTED

friunt

Otfried, beloved friends

OPEN WITNESS 515 ↗
FreundSOURCE-REPORTED

vriunt

Iwein, Gawain as best friend

OPEN WITNESS 517 ↗
FreundSOURCE-REPORTED

Freund

Goethe, Faust I, Marthe on social order

OPEN WITNESS 518 ↗
05

COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE

COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES

1
Freund

friōnd

Old Frisian

a West Germanic cognate named by Grimm

06

GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS

JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

1
07

NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS

HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE

1
parallel agent nouns distinct rootssupports

FREUND AND FEIND: LOVING-ONE AND HATING-ONE GRAMMAR, NOT ONE ROOT

Grimm explicitly analyzes Freund from the Germanic love verb and contrasts Feind from the different hate verb. Both nouns preserve agent formation and later lexicalization. The bridge records morphology and antonymy without drawing a genealogical edge.

Freund↔Feind
Jacob Grimm · Wilhelm Grimm · Wolfgang Pfeifer · SET-U editorial review · established
08

WORD-FAMILY REUSE

DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE

2
Feind1 CLAIM LINKS↗Freund17 CLAIM LINKS↗

4 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.