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Middle High German initial v in the written tradition gives way to modern F; the historical vowel and glide develop into the modern /ɔʏ̯/ diphthong, while final obstruent devoicing yields /t/ in the citation form. Capitalization standardizes with the German noun.

Friend, relative, lover, ally, and supporter senses continue with different weights; the modern lexical category is not reduced to an active participle.

Middle High German through Early New High German into the modern written standard.

Wolfgang Pfeifer · Dudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm

established — All three German sources publish the direct Middle High German continuation. The description does not assign every regional sound or spelling change to one date.

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