GO DEEPERhistorical continuationestablished
Middle High German · Middle High German · friend neighbor lover relative middle high germanvriunt
friend, neighbor, lover, or relative
- SOUND
- Middle High German initial v in the written tradition gives way to modern F; the historical vowel and glide develop into the modern /ɔʏ̯/ diphthong, while final obstruent devoicing yields /t/ in the citation form. Capitalization standardizes with the German noun.
- MEANING
- Friend, relative, lover, ally, and supporter senses continue with different weights; the modern lexical category is not reduced to an active participle.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Middle High German through Early New High German into the modern written standard.
- SCHOLAR
- Wolfgang Pfeifer · Dudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm
- CONFIDENCE
- established — All three German sources publish the direct Middle High German continuation. The description does not assign every regional sound or spelling change to one date.
DWDS — Freund, etymology after Wolfgang PfeifersupportsPfeifer etymology: Middle High German vriunt to modern Freund
Publishes the direct continuation and historical semantic range.
ORIGINAL ↗Duden — FreundsupportsHerkunft, Aussprache, Grammatik, Bedeutungen
Supplies the modern headword, pronunciation, grammar, senses, and High German ancestry.
ORIGINAL ↗Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — FreundcontextEtymology and numbered meanings
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 1279 ↗Independently supplies the High German form history and historical uses.
ORIGINAL ↗