PERMANENT SOURCE RECORD
ALL SOURCES ↗BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYduden-freund
SOURCE
RECORD.
One work. Every claim that depends on it. No citation without a consequence you can inspect.
6 PUBLIC LINKS INTO THE GRAPH.
This count excludes duplicate dossier-path citations. Open the claims below to see exactly how the source is used.
contemporary dictionaryduden-freund
Duden — Freund
- AUTHOR / EDITOR
- Dudenredaktion
- YEAR
- 2026
- PUBLISHER
- Cornelsen Verlag
- DOI
- Not recorded
- SOURCE TYPE
- contemporary dictionary
- EXTERNAL RECORD
- OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
011
CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS
RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
RANK 53GRADE Asupports
Freund fossilizes the loving one—but it does not come from Freude.
Pfeifer, Duden, and Grimm route Freund through Middle High German vriunt and Old High German friunt to a substantivized Germanic present participle of the love verb. Grimm also makes the structural contrast explicit: Feind is built on a different hate verb. The unveiling is grammatical rather than mystical—Freund and Feind look like a moral pair because both preserve agent-noun architecture, not because one ancient root split into love and hate.
*prī-
*prī- → *frī- → *frijōnd- → friunt → vriunt → Freund
Herkunft: ursprünglich der LiebendeIndependently states the loving-agent analysis.
Freund dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
023
SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT
DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
resolvedsupportsestablished
Was Freund historically a loving-agent noun?
Yes at the word-formation level. Pfeifer and Grimm identify a substantivized present participle of the Germanic love verb; Duden paraphrases the original sense as the loving one.
Herkunft: ursprünglich der LiebendeIndependently paraphrases the historical agent sense.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Does Freund derive from modern Freude?
No. The reviewed ancestry runs through vriunt and friunt to the Germanic love or favor verb family. Modern Freude is not inserted as its parent.
HerkunftConfirms the inherited route.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Does modern Freund literally mean someone currently loving?
No. The participial source is diachronic morphology; contemporary dictionaries give lexical friend, partner, supporter, and ally senses.
Bedeutungen and HerkunftIndependently separates the layers.
031
CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS
EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
EDGE 1279supportsestablished
Freund → vriunt
German → Middle High German · historical continuation
- SOUND
- Middle High German initial v in the written tradition gives way to modern F; the historical vowel and glide develop into the modern /ɔʏ̯/ diphthong, while final obstruent devoicing yields /t/ in the citation form. Capitalization standardizes with the German noun.
- MEANING
- Friend, relative, lover, ally, and supporter senses continue with different weights; the modern lexical category is not reduced to an active participle.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Wolfgang Pfeifer · Dudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm
Herkunft, Aussprache, Grammatik, BedeutungenSupplies the modern headword, pronunciation, grammar, senses, and High German ancestry.
040
LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS
WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE
No lexical witness currently cites this source.
050
COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE
COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES
No comparative-relative record currently cites this source.
061
GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS
JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
stage 6supports
Modern German-language continuum
Independently supplies contemporary uses.
Bedeutungen and grammar · global070
NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS
HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE
No non-genealogical context link currently cites this source.
081
WORD-FAMILY REUSE
DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE
1 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.