*SET-U

PERMANENT SOURCE RECORD

ALL SOURCES ↗
BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYmw-hate

SOURCE
RECORD.

One work. Every claim that depends on it. No citation without a consequence you can inspect.

CLAIM-LEVEL USAGE

140 PUBLIC LINKS INTO THE GRAPH.

This count excludes duplicate dossier-path citations. Open the claims below to see exactly how the source is used.

historical dictionarymw-hate

Hate — definition, etymology, and first known use

AUTHOR / EDITOR
Merriam-Webster Editors
YEAR
2026
PUBLISHER
Merriam-Webster
DOI
Not recorded
SOURCE TYPE
historical dictionary
EXTERNAL RECORD
OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
33CANONICAL EDGES
2WITNESSES
23COMPARISONS
1CONTEXT LINKS
2RANKED REVEALS
41DISPUTES
38JOURNEY STAGES
20WORD DOSSIERS
01

CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS

RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

2
RANK 24GRADE Acontext

Hatred is medieval—and its -red means neither red nor “more.”

Middle English assembled hate with a dying native element for a state or condition. The compound is younger than its parts; below the secure Germanic hate family, even the celebrated PIE root remains a qualified and semantically difficult proposal.

*ḱeh₂d-

*ḱeh₂d- → *ḱh₂d-es- → *hatiz- → hete → hate → hatrede / hatreden / hateredyn → hatred

Noun etymology and semantic-transparency note

Supports the qualified deep-root boundary.

hatred dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
RANK 51GRADE Asupports

Care, grief, funerals, and in-laws occupy one Greek noun—but hate does not secretly mean care.

LSJ's κῆδος entry moves through care and concern, anxiety and grief, troubles, mourning and funeral rites, an object of care, and connection by marriage. Homeric κήδεʼ can be many-troubled woes; Aeschylus can make Helen an object of care while playing on marriage affinity. Comparative sources then place the noun beside Celtic and Germanic hatred words under *ḱh₂d-es- and *ḱeh₂d-. The reveal is not a mystical reversal in which hate “really” means care. Merriam-Webster calls the semantic relations far from transparent, Liberman challenges the wider family's unity, and the Greek evidence itself resists a single linear story.

*ḱeh₂d-

*ḱeh₂d- → *ḱh₂d-es- → κῆδος

Noun etymology and semantic-opacity note

Publishes and qualifies the Greek-to-hate-family comparison.

κῆδος dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
02

SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT

DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

41
opensupportsprobable

Does hatan securely descend from *ḱeh₂d-?

Only probably. The Germanic family is stronger than the deeper proposal; grief, care, mourning, hatred, pursuit, and persecution do not form one transparent semantic sequence, and some proposed cognates may not belong together.

Noun etymology and semantic note

Publishes the PIE proposal with an explicit qualification.

hatan dossier ↗dispute record ↗
opensupportsprobable

Does hatjan securely descend from *ḱeh₂d-?

Only probably. The Germanic family is stronger than the deeper proposal; grief, care, mourning, hatred, pursuit, and persecution do not form one transparent semantic sequence, and some proposed cognates may not belong together.

Noun etymology and semantic note

Publishes the PIE proposal with an explicit qualification.

hatjan dossier ↗dispute record ↗
opensupportsproposed

Did the noun hate directly continue Old English hete?

The inherited noun is part of the history, but the immediate path is disputed. American Heritage presents Middle English hate from Old English hete; Merriam-Webster says the Middle English noun was probably derived from haten and replaced hete.

Noun etymology: probably derivative of haten, replacing hete

States the remodeled-noun position.

hatred dossier ↗dispute record ↗
openchallengesproposed

Did hate originally mean pursuit or persecution?

Possibly, but not securely. Liberman points to Old English hatian in a pursuit context, German hetzen, Old English hettan, and the pursuer Hati; he presents pursuit as the most promising concrete history while leaving the rest murky.

Noun etymology: generally accepted *ḱeh₂d- comparison

Preserves the alternative grief, pain, and hatred comparison.

hatred dossier ↗dispute record ↗
opencontextprobable

Was the weak verb formed directly from *hatiz-?

The weak-verb reconstructions are grouped with the *hatiz- noun family, but the exact formation, chronological direction, and relation among the ēn, ōn, and jan verbs are reconstructed rather than witnessed.

Verb etymology: derivative from the base of *hatiz-

Supplies a more direct derivational analysis for a related Germanic branch.

hazzōn dossier ↗dispute record ↗
resolvedcontextestablished

Were English love and hate once the same word?

No reviewed evidence connects English love directly to English hate. Middle Irish cais has an ambivalent love-and-hatred field inside a disputed comparison, but that is not a genealogical edge between the English words.

Noun etymology: Middle Irish cais “love, hatred”

Documents the ambivalent Celtic comparison.

hate dossier ↗dispute record ↗
resolvedsupportsestablished

Has hate always meant extreme enmity?

No. The current verb also covers strong dislike, distaste, and polite reluctance, while older English evidence includes hostile treatment and persecution. One gloss cannot be projected across every period and construction.

Modern noun and verb definitions

Documents current intensity, aversion, and reluctance senses.

hate dossier ↗dispute record ↗
resolvedsupportsestablished

Is hatred the older or more original word?

No. Hate is inherited from Old English noun and verb material; hatred is a Middle English formation first reported in the 13th century. Its suffix names a condition rather than linguistic originality.

Hate first-known-use and etymology sections

Places inherited hate before the younger compound.

hate dossier ↗dispute record ↗
03

CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS

EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

33
EDGE 1086supportsprobable

hate → hete

Middle English → Old English · lexical continuation

SOUND
Middle English hate stands beside inherited hete, with a remodeled a-vowel form associated with the verb haten. The graph does not pretend the noun-side replacement was a single regular sound law.
MEANING
Old English hate, hostility, and anger continue in Middle English, while the noun form is remodeled or replaced beside the inherited reflex.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors
Noun etymology: probably derivative of haten, replacing hete

Publishes the remodeled-noun analysis and its qualification.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1087supportsestablished

hete → *hatiz-

Old English → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
The Germanic i-stem *hatiz- yields Old English hete; the exact intermediate West Germanic paradigm is not independently promoted here.
MEANING
The Germanic hate, anger, enmity, and spite field continues in the Old English noun.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Merriam-Webster Editors · Anatoly Liberman
Noun etymology: Germanic *hatiz- and Old English hete

Publishes the i-stem ancestry and comparison.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1088supportsprobable

*hatiz- → *ḱh₂d-es-

Proto-Germanic → Proto-Indo-European · comparative derivation

SOUND
Under the proposed comparison, Grimm’s Law maps Indo-European *ḱ to Germanic h and *d to Germanic t, while the suffixal formation is remodeled as the Germanic i-stem.
MEANING
A proposed grief, pain, care, or hatred formation narrows or develops into the Germanic hate and enmity family.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Merriam-Webster Editors · Anatoly Liberman
Noun etymology and note on proposed *ḱh₂d-es-

Publishes the formal proposal while flagging semantic opacity.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1089supportsprobable

*ḱh₂d-es- → *ḱeh₂d-

Proto-Indo-European → Proto-Indo-European · derivation

SOUND
The proposed zero-grade or reduced root formation *ḱh₂d-es- is analyzed from the full-grade base *ḱeh₂d- with suffixation.
MEANING
The source groups grief, pain, care, mourning, and hatred meanings, but no single original semantic path is promoted.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Merriam-Webster Editors
Noun etymology: *ḱh₂d-es- from base *ḱeh₂d-

Publishes the proposed formation and base.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1090supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form or uniquely recoverable concrete meaning is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- proposal.
MEANING
The trail ends before a convenient story about love and hate, pursuit, grief, or care is mistaken for established prehistory.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman
Etymology note: semantic relations are far from transparent

Defines why secure ancestry cannot simply be extended through the proposal.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1093supportsprobable

hate → haten

Middle English → Middle English · derivation

SOUND
The noun hate is analyzed as a zero-derived or remodeled form based on Middle English haten; this edge represents Merriam-Webster’s probable analysis, not unanimous consensus.
MEANING
The verbal act or disposition of hating supplies a remodeled noun for the emotion.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Merriam-Webster Editors
Noun etymology: probably derivative of haten

Publishes the alternative verb-side analysis.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1094supportsestablished

haten → hatian

Middle English → Old English · inheritance

SOUND
Middle English haten continues Old English hatian with loss of the medial unstressed vowel and inherited infinitive reduction.
MEANING
Treat as an enemy or persecute continues as hate; a pursuit sense is relevant to one deeper semantic hypothesis.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Anatoly Liberman
Verb etymology: Middle English haten from Old English hatian

Publishes the historical continuation.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1095supportsestablished

hatian → *hatōjan-

Old English → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
Old English hatian continues the reconstructed Germanic weak verb *hatōjan-, with the inherited stem and reduced inflection.
MEANING
The Germanic hostile-disposition verb continues in Old English; pursuit or persecution may preserve a more concrete action sense.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Merriam-Webster Editors · Anatoly Liberman
Verb etymology: Germanic *hatōjan-

Publishes the reconstructed formal path.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1096supportsestablished

*hatōjan- → *hatiz-

Proto-Germanic → Proto-Germanic · derivation

SOUND
The Germanic weak verb *hatōjan- is derived from the base of the hate noun *hatiz-.
MEANING
A noun for hate or enmity supplies the related verb to hate or treat as an enemy.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Merriam-Webster Editors
Verb etymology: derivative from the base of *hatiz-

Directly connects the reconstructed noun and verb formations.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1097supportsestablished

hate → hate

Present-Day English → Middle English · historical continuation

SOUND
Middle English hate continues into modern /heɪt/ through the Great Vowel Shift and regular loss of final inflectional material; noun and verb converge in one spelling.
MEANING
The hostility and enmity field continues while the verb also develops strong-dislike, distaste, and polite-reluctance uses and the noun develops attributive public uses such as hate speech.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors
Definitions, noun and verb etymologies, and first-known-use sections

Documents the modern categories, historical convergence, and current semantic range.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1104supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form or single original concrete meaning is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- proposal.
MEANING
The trail stops before pursuit, grief, love, care, or hatred is turned into a prehistoric just-so story.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman
Etymology note: semantic relations are far from transparent

Defines the limit of the deep comparison.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1108supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form or uniquely recoverable concrete meaning is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- proposal.
MEANING
The trail ends before Old English hostility is reverse-engineered into one unevidenced prehistoric feeling or action.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman
Etymology note: semantic relations are far from transparent

Defines the limit of the deep comparison.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1113supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form or uniquely recoverable concrete meaning is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- proposal.
MEANING
The trail ends before the Old English verb’s objects are reverse-engineered into one unevidenced prehistoric action or feeling.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman
Etymology note: semantic relations are far from transparent

Defines the limit of the deep comparison.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1115contextprobable

*xatjanan → *hatiz-

Proto-Germanic → Proto-Germanic · derivation

SOUND
Orel derives *xatjanan from the Germanic hate-noun base he writes *xataz ~ *xatez; the graph crosswalks that base to its already reviewed *hatiz- representation.
MEANING
A noun for hate or enmity supplies a weak verb whose attested relatives range from hate to pursuit.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Vladimir Orel · Merriam-Webster Editors
Noun etymology: Germanic *hatiz-

Supplies the atlas’s alternative representation of the corresponding Germanic noun base.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1118supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form or uniquely recoverable concrete meaning is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- proposal.
MEANING
The trail ends before the Old English verb’s objects are reverse-engineered into one unevidenced prehistoric action or feeling.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman
Etymology note: semantic relations are far from transparent

Defines the limit of the deep comparison.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1126supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form or uniquely recoverable concrete meaning is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- proposal.
MEANING
The trail ends before the medieval hunting scene is projected unchanged into prehistory or converted into a universal origin for hate.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman
Semantic-transparency note

Marks the deep comparison as nontransparent.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1131supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form or uniquely recoverable concrete meaning is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- proposal.
MEANING
The trail ends before the one surviving Gothic token is reverse-engineered into a universal origin for hate, grief, care, pursuit, or persecution.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman
Semantic-transparency note

Marks the deep comparison as nontransparent.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1135supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form or uniquely recoverable concrete meaning is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- proposal.
MEANING
The trail ends before the surviving Gothic wrath tokens are reverse-engineered into a universal origin for hate, grief, care, pursuit, or persecution.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman
Semantic-transparency note

Marks the deep comparison as nontransparent.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1137contextprobable

*xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan → *hatiz-

Proto-Germanic → Proto-Germanic · derivation

SOUND
Orel groups the weak-verb reconstruction with the Germanic hate-noun base he represents as *xataz ~ *xatez; the graph crosswalks that base to its reviewed *hatiz- node.
MEANING
A noun family for hate or enmity supplies or associates with weak verbs whose daughter branches express hating, hostility, pursuit, and anger.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Vladimir Orel · Merriam-Webster Editors
Noun etymology: Germanic *hatiz- and derived weak verb

Supplies the atlas representation of the corresponding Germanic noun base.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1140supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form or uniquely recoverable concrete meaning is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- proposal.
MEANING
The trail ends before the surviving translation alternation is reverse-engineered into a universal origin for hate, enemy, grief, care, pursuit, or persecution.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman
Semantic-transparency note

Marks the deep comparison as nontransparent.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1176contextprobable

haʒ → *hatiz-

Old High German → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
Under the comparative analysis, Germanic t develops into the Old High German sibilant written ʒ through the High German consonant shift, while i-stem morphology and gender are remodeled in the High German branch.
MEANING
The inherited hate, anger, enmity, or hostility field continues as Old High German haʒ; competing sources disagree on whether pursuit, suffering, or hostile disposition best represents the earlier semantic center.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Wolfgang Pfeifer · Jacob Grimm · John T. Koch
Noun etymology: Germanic *hatiz- and branch forms

Independently supplies the i-stem analysis already used by the connected English dossiers.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1179supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the already disputed *ḱeh₂d- comparison.
MEANING
The trail stops before one medieval rivalry, one modern feeling, or one scholarly pursuit-or-sorrow proposal is reverse-engineered into universal prehistory.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman · Jacob Grimm
Etymology note: semantic relations are far from transparent

Marks the deep comparison as semantically unresolved.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1183supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the already disputed *ḱeh₂d- comparison.
MEANING
The trail stops before one Old Norse grammar anomaly, one uncertain scorn passage, or one modern hate gloss is reverse-engineered into universal prehistory.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman
Etymology note: semantic relations are far from transparent

Marks the deep comparison as semantically unresolved.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1191supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the already disputed *ḱeh₂d- comparison.
MEANING
The trail stops before pursuit, persecution, feeling, grief, pain, care, or hatred is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric act.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman · Jacob Grimm
Etymology note: semantic relations are far from transparent

Marks the deep comparison as semantically unresolved.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1227supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form or uniquely recoverable concrete meaning is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- proposal.
MEANING
The graph stops before Old Norse pursuit, contempt, humiliation, damage, or feeling is reverse-engineered into one certain prehistoric origin.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman
Etymology note: semantic relations are far from transparent

Defines the limit of the deep comparison.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1232supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form or uniquely recoverable concrete meaning is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- proposal.
MEANING
The graph stops before Old Frisian harm, obstruction, rejection, enemy pursuit, or theological hate is reverse-engineered into one certain prehistoric origin.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman
Etymology note: semantic relations are far from transparent

Defines the limit of the deep comparison.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1241supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form or uniquely recoverable concrete meaning is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- proposal.
MEANING
The trail ends before the one surviving Gothic anger question is reverse-engineered into a universal origin for anger, hate, grief, care, pursuit, or persecution.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman
Semantic-transparency note

Marks the deep comparison as nontransparent.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1247supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the already disputed *ḱeh₂d- comparison.
MEANING
The trail stops before pursuit, persecution, feeling, grief, pain, care, or hatred is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric act.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman · Jacob Grimm
Etymology note: semantic relations are far from transparent

Marks the deep comparison as semantically unresolved.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1258supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- comparison.
MEANING
The trail stops before hate, pursuit, hater, enemy, grief, care, or pain is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric act or feeling.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman
Etymology note: semantic relations are far from transparent

Marks the deep comparison as semantically unresolved.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1262supportsboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- comparison.
MEANING
The trail stops before hate, persecution, hostile speech, confession, grief, care, pain, anger, or battle is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric essence.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman
Etymology note: semantic relations are far from transparent

Marks the deep comparison as semantically unresolved.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1268supportsproposed

κῆδος → *ḱh₂d-es-

Ancient Greek → Proto-Indo-European · proposed inheritance

SOUND
Under the proposed comparison, the palatal stop is represented by Greek k, while the long-vowel pattern appears as Ionic-Attic η beside Doric ā in κᾶδος. The exact Proto-Hellenic sequence and every laryngeal or suffixal step are reconstructed rather than attested.
MEANING
The Greek care, anxiety, grief, mourning, and funeral field is compared with a wider formation that also contains hostility and hatred words. The edge does not make every branch sense descend from one recoverable emotional scene.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Merriam-Webster Editors · John T. Koch · Linguistics Research Center editors
Noun etymology: Greek kêdos beside the proposed *ḱh₂d-es- formation

Publishes the Greek comparison while calling the semantic relations far from transparent.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1270contextboundary

*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the disputed *ḱeh₂d- comparison.
MEANING
The graph stops before care, grief, funeral obligation, marriage kinship, hostile pursuit, and hate are collapsed into a just-so story.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman
Etymology note: semantic relations are far from transparent

Marks the deepest comparison as semantically unresolved.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1271supportsestablished

kêdos → κῆδος

Ancient Greek → Ancient Greek · editorial transliteration

SOUND
Latin-script kêdos represents Greek κῆδος through a modern scholarly transliteration convention; no historical sound event or borrowing is claimed.
MEANING
The complete Greek semantic range is unchanged because the Latin letters encode the same lexeme rather than a new sense.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Merriam-Webster Editors · Scaife ATLAS editors
Noun etymology: Greek kêdos

Publishes the Latin-script source form.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
04

LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS

WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE

2
hateSOURCE-REPORTED

hate

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hate as a verb

OPEN WITNESS 228 ↗
hateSOURCE-REPORTED

hate

Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hate as a noun

OPEN WITNESS 229 ↗
05

COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE

COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES

23
Hass

cás

Old Welsh

a proposed Celtic comparison meaning bitterness or hatred

Hass

cais

Middle Irish

a disputed comparison with an ambivalent love-and-hatred field

hatan

hate

English

a modern cousin reached through the distinct Old English branch

hate

hete

Old English

the inherited noun whose exact continuation into Middle English hate is disputed

hate

hatis

Gothic

a Germanic noun cognate meaning anger or enmity

hate

hatr

Old Norse

a Germanic noun cognate meaning hatred or spite

hate

kêdos

Ancient Greek

a proposed comparison involving care, grief, mourning, and marriage connection

hate

cais

Middle Irish

a proposed comparison whose love-and-hatred field makes the semantic problem unusually visible

hatian

hate

English

the modern noun and verb whose immediate noun history remains forked

hatis

hate

English

the modern English noun and verb family reached through the Old English branch

hatizōn

hete

Old English

a cognate noun continuing the Germanic *hatiz- family

hatizōn

Hass

German

a later noun relative connected through the Germanic family, not a descendant of the Gothic verb

hatjan

hate

English

a modern cousin reached through the distinct Old English hatian branch

hatred

hate

English

the first component; its noun history is itself disputed between direct continuation and remodeling from the verb

hatred

hete

Old English

the inherited noun for hate, anger, spite, malice, and hostility

hatred

hatis

Gothic

a Germanic cognate meaning anger or enmity

hatred

hatr

Old Norse

a Germanic cognate meaning hatred or spite

hatred

kêdos

Ancient Greek

a proposed but semantically troublesome comparison involving care, grief, mourning, and marriage connection

hatred

cás

Old Welsh

a proposed Celtic comparison meaning bitterness or hatred

hatred

cais

Middle Irish

a proposed comparison with the strikingly ambivalent field love and hatred

κῆδος

cás

Old Welsh

a proposed Celtic comparison glossed bitterness or hatred

κῆδος

hate

English

a Germanic descendant joined only through the qualified deep comparison

κῆδος

hete

Old English

an inherited Germanic hate noun compared with Greek care and grief

06

GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS

JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

38
07

NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS

HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE

1
disputed deep semantic comparisonsupports

LOVE AND HATE MEET ONLY INSIDE AN OPEN COMPARATIVE PROBLEM

Middle Irish cais has been compared with the proposed family behind Germanic hate while carrying a love-and-hatred semantic field. The formal comparison is discussable, but neither the Celtic membership nor one original opposite-spanning meaning is secure. This is a dispute bridge, not a genealogical edge between English love and hatred.

hatred↔love
Merriam-Webster Editors · Anatoly Liberman · proposed
08

WORD-FAMILY REUSE

DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE

20
Hass11 CLAIM LINKS↗hassen11 CLAIM LINKS↗hata9 CLAIM LINKS↗hatan7 CLAIM LINKS↗hate24 CLAIM LINKS↗hatia7 CLAIM LINKS↗hatian10 CLAIM LINKS↗hatis5 CLAIM LINKS↗hatizōn7 CLAIM LINKS↗hatjan7 CLAIM LINKS↗hatōn9 CLAIM LINKS↗hatr7 CLAIM LINKS↗hatred20 CLAIM LINKS↗hazzōn8 CLAIM LINKS↗hete9 CLAIM LINKS↗heti7 CLAIM LINKS↗hettan6 CLAIM LINKS↗hetzen5 CLAIM LINKS↗love1 CLAIM LINKS↗κῆδος14 CLAIM LINKS↗

76 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.