PERMANENT SOURCE RECORD
ALL SOURCES ↗BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYahd-ie-wer5
SOURCE
RECORD.
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20 PUBLIC LINKS INTO THE GRAPH.
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scholarly referenceahd-ie-wer5
Indo-European Root wer-5
- AUTHOR / EDITOR
- Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
- YEAR
- 2022
- PUBLISHER
- HarperCollins
- DOI
- Not recorded
- SOURCE TYPE
- scholarly reference
- EXTERNAL RECORD
- OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
011
CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS
RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
RANK 96GRADE Asupports
Word and verb are cousins, not a borrowing pair.
English word descends through Germanic *wurdam and zero-grade *wr-dho-. English verb arrives through French from Latin verbum and the full-grade *wer-dho- branch. They meet only at reconstructed *werh1- “speak.”
*werh₁-
*werh₁- → *wr̥-dho- → *wurdam → word → word → word
wer-5 sections 1 and 2Publishes the Germanic zero-grade and Latin full-grade branches under one speaking root.
word dossier ↗truth record ↗86UNVEILING
022
SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT
DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
resolvedsupportsestablished
Was English word borrowed from Latin verbum?
No. English word is inherited through Old English and Germanic; Latin verbum is an akin or cognate branch under the shared speaking root, not the donor.
wer-5 sections 1 and 2Places Germanic *wurdam and Latin verbum in parallel reconstructed branches.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Is *werh1- an attested first human word?
No. The asterisk marks a comparative reconstruction, and the reviewed source stops at the speaking root rather than identifying any spoken first word.
wer-5 heading: oldest form *werh1- and suffixed formsMarks the forms as comparative reconstructions and supplies no attested first word.
0311
CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS
EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
EDGE 626supportsestablished
word → *wurdam
Old English → Proto-Germanic · inheritance
- SOUND
- Old English word continues reconstructed Germanic *wurdam through inherited West Germanic development.
- MEANING
- Something spoken remains a word or utterance.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
wer-5, section 1: Old English word from Germanic *wurdamPublishes the Germanic reconstruction behind Old English word.
EDGE 627supportsestablished
*wurdam → *wr̥-dho-
Proto-Germanic → Proto-Indo-European · inheritance
- SOUND
- Germanic *wurdam reflects the zero-grade *wr̥-dho- formation with inherited Germanic nominal development.
- MEANING
- The reconstructed spoken-unit noun remains the source of the Germanic word family.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
wer-5, section 1: *wr-dho- to Germanic *wurdamPublishes the zero-grade formation and Germanic reflex.
EDGE 628supportsestablished
*wr̥-dho- → *werh₁-
Proto-Indo-European → Proto-Indo-European · derivation
- SOUND
- Zero-grade *wr̥- combines with the reconstructed *-dho- nominal suffix.
- MEANING
- The speaking root becomes a noun for something spoken.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
wer-5 heading and section 1Analyzes the zero-grade suffixed form under the speaking root.
EDGE 629supportsboundary
*werh₁- → UNKNOWN
Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary
- SOUND
- No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *werh1- speaking root.
- MEANING
- The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- SET-U editorial boundary
wer-5 entry endpointDefines the deepest reviewed source horizon.
EDGE 634supportsestablished
verbum → *wer-dho-
Latin → Proto-Indo-European · inheritance
- SOUND
- The reconstructed *wer-dho- formation develops into Latin verbum; the graph records the published comparison without inventing intermediate spellings.
- MEANING
- A formation meaning something spoken becomes Latin word, utterance, and later grammatical verb.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
wer-5, section 2: *wer-dho- to Latin verbumPublishes the reconstructed full-grade formation.
EDGE 635supportsestablished
*wer-dho- → *werh₁-
Proto-Indo-European → Proto-Indo-European · derivation
- SOUND
- Full-grade *wer- combines with the reconstructed *-dho- suffix.
- MEANING
- The speaking root becomes a nominal formation for something spoken.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
wer-5 heading and section 2Analyzes the suffixed full-grade form under the speaking root.
EDGE 636supportsboundary
*werh₁- → UNKNOWN
Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary
- SOUND
- No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *werh1- speaking root.
- MEANING
- The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- SET-U editorial boundary
wer-5 entry endpointDefines the deepest reviewed source horizon.
EDGE 642supportsboundary
*werh₁- → UNKNOWN
Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary
- SOUND
- No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *werh1- speaking root.
- MEANING
- The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- SET-U editorial boundary
wer-5 entry endpointDefines the deepest reviewed source horizon.
EDGE 649supportsboundary
*werh₁- → UNKNOWN
Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary
- SOUND
- No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *werh1- speaking root.
- MEANING
- The lexical branch ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- SET-U editorial boundary
wer-5 entry endpointDefines the deepest reviewed lexical horizon.
EDGE 656supportsboundary
*werh₁- → UNKNOWN
Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary
- SOUND
- No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *werh1- speaking root.
- MEANING
- The lexical branch ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- SET-U editorial boundary
wer-5 entry endpointDefines the deepest reviewed lexical horizon.
EDGE 661supportsboundary
*werh₁- → UNKNOWN
Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary
- SOUND
- No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *werh1- speaking root.
- MEANING
- The lexical branch ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- SET-U editorial boundary
wer-5 entry endpointDefines the deepest reviewed lexical horizon.
040
LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS
WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE
No lexical witness currently cites this source.
053
COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE
COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES
063
GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS
JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
stage 1supports
Indo-European linguistic horizon
Publishes the reconstructed root and full-grade formation.
wer-5 heading and section 2 · uncertainstage 1supports
Indo-European linguistic horizon
Publishes the speaking root and zero-grade formation without a unique place or date.
wer-5 heading and section 1 · uncertainstage 2supports
Germanic linguistic horizon
Supplies the reconstructed Germanic stage.
wer-5 section 1: Germanic *wurdam · broad070
NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS
HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE
No non-genealogical context link currently cites this source.
086
WORD-FAMILY REUSE
DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE
adverb3 CLAIM LINKS↗proverb3 CLAIM LINKS↗verb7 CLAIM LINKS↗verbal3 CLAIM LINKS↗verbatim3 CLAIM LINKS↗word9 CLAIM LINKS↗
19 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.