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PERMANENT SOURCE RECORD

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYewa-kuning

SOURCE
RECORD.

One work. Every claim that depends on it. No citation without a consequence you can inspect.

CLAIM-LEVEL USAGE

19 PUBLIC LINKS INTO THE GRAPH.

This count excludes duplicate dossier-path citations. Open the claims below to see exactly how the source is used.

scholarly dictionaryewa-kuning

Kuning — Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen V

AUTHOR / EDITOR
Rosemarie Lühr
YEAR
2014
PUBLISHER
Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht · Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig
DOI
Not recorded
SOURCE TYPE
scholarly dictionary
EXTERNAL RECORD
OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
6CANONICAL EDGES
0WITNESSES
5COMPARISONS
1CONTEXT LINKS
2RANKED REVEALS
4DISPUTES
1JOURNEY STAGES
3WORD DOSSIERS
01

CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS

RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

2
RANK 20GRADE Asupports

King is a kin-word, not a royal word.

English king continues Old English cyning and Germanic *kuninga-, built on the kin or lineage base *kunja-. Latin rēx, royal, and regal belong to a different root—and even “leader of the kin” overstates the disputed original Germanic sense.

*ǵenh₁-

*ǵenh₁- → *gn̥ə-yo- → *kunja- → *kuninga- → cyning → king / kyng → king

Columns 884–885: *kuninga- from *kunja- plus suffix

Publishes the Germanic kin-base formation and comparative descendants.

king dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
RANK 21GRADE Asupports

King comes from the kin family; kin does not come from king.

English kin independently continues Old English cynn and Germanic *kunja-. The royal title is a separate suffixed formation on that lineage base, so the shared letters preserve real morphology without making either modern word the parent of the other.

*ǵenh₁-

*ǵenh₁- → *gn̥ə-yo- → *kunja- → cynn → kin / kyn / kun → kin

Column 885: *kuninga- formed from *kunja- plus suffix

Publishes king as a separate formation built on the kin base.

kin dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
02

SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT

DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

4
opensupportsproposed

What did Proto-Germanic *kuninga- originally designate?

The kin-base derivation is secure in the reviewed sources, but its exact social interpretation is not. EWA gives a member of a noble lineage; Meli proposes one who brings distinction to his lineage. “Leader of the kin” is not a neutral translation of either analysis.

Column 885: original member-of-lineage gloss

Publishes one reconstruction of the formation’s original social meaning.

king dossier ↗dispute record ↗
resolvedsupportsestablished

Is kin a shortened form of king?

No. Kin continues Old English cynn and Proto-Germanic *kunja-. The Germanic king title *kuninga- is morphologically derived from that lineage base plus a person-forming suffix; neither modern English word directly descends from the other.

Column 885: *kuninga- from *kunja- plus *-inga-/*-unga-

Publishes the separate suffixed formation behind king.

kin dossier ↗dispute record ↗
resolvedsupportsestablished

Is English king descended from Latin rēx?

No. King is inherited through Old English cyning from a Germanic kin formation. Latin rēx belongs to the separate straight, direct, and rule family. Translation equivalence does not create ancestry.

Columns 884–885: English and Germanic title family

Publishes king’s Germanic lineage.

king dossier ↗dispute record ↗
03

CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS

EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

6
EDGE 1045contextestablished

king / kyng → cyning

Middle English → Old English · inheritance

SOUND
Middle English records early kining and cining beside syncopated king forms: the unstressed medial vowel is lost, Old English y is unrounded toward i in Middle English, and k spelling disambiguates the inherited hard consonant.
MEANING
The inherited title for a king or monarch remains stable through the contraction.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Middle English Dictionary Editors
Columns 884–885: ae. cyning, me. king

Independently aligns the Old and Middle English forms.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1046supportsestablished

cyning → *kuninga-

Old English → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
Pre-Old-English i-umlaut fronts short u to y before the following unstressed i: reconstructed *kuning- yields Old English cyning; inherited endings are reduced or lost.
MEANING
The reconstructed Germanic king title continues as the attested Old English ruler title.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Annah Moon · Rosemarie Lühr
Columns 884–885: ae. cyning < Proto-Germanic *kuninga-

Publishes the comparative Germanic reconstruction.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1047supportsestablished

*kuninga- → *kunja-

Proto-Germanic → Proto-Germanic · derivation

SOUND
Proto-Germanic *kuninga- is formed on *kunja- with the reconstructed suffix *-inga-/-unga-; this main-spine edge follows the lexical base while a parallel graph edge preserves the suffix.
MEANING
A lineage or kin term produces a person-title. EWA glosses the original formation as a member of a noble lineage; Meli proposes one who brings distinction to the lineage.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Rosemarie Lühr · Marcello Meli
Column 885: *-inga-/*-unga- from *kunja- and original gloss

Directly analyzes the title as a suffixed derivative of the lineage noun.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1051supportsestablished

*kuninga- → *-inga- / *-unga-

Proto-Germanic → Proto-Germanic · derivational component

SOUND
The reconstructed title contains the suffix variant *-inga- beside North Germanic *-unga-.
MEANING
The suffix forms a person associated with or belonging to the lineage base.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Rosemarie Lühr
Column 885: suffix *-inga-/*-unga-

Explicitly identifies the reconstructed suffix and its function in the title.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1052supportsboundary

*-inga- / *-unga- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Germanic → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
The reviewed source identifies the Proto-Germanic suffix but does not license one deeper unique lexical ancestor.
MEANING
The morphological branch stops without pretending the suffix was an autonomous first word.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary
Column 885: analysis stops at Proto-Germanic suffix variants

Defines the reviewed suffix horizon without a fabricated deeper word.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1053supportsestablished

kuningas → *kuninga-

Finnish → Proto-Germanic · borrowing

SOUND
Finnish kuningas preserves the reconstructed word’s fuller syllabic shape and final consonant in an adapted Finnic form.
MEANING
The borrowed meaning remains king.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Rosemarie Lühr · Charles Barber · Joan C. Beal · Philip A. Shaw
Column 885: Germanic loan into Finnish kuningas

States the borrowing direction.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
04

LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS

WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE

0
No lexical witness currently cites this source.
05

COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE

COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES

5
kin

king

English

derived Germanic title built on the *kunja- lineage base rather than the source of kin

king

König

German

Germanic title cognate continuing the *kuninga- family

king

koning

Dutch

Germanic title cognate continuing the *kuninga- family

king

konungr

Old Norse

North Germanic title cognate from the *kununga- suffix variant

king

kuning

Old High German

attested West Germanic title cognate

06

GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS

JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

1
07

NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS

HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE

1
semantic equivalents distinct ancestrysupports

SAME TITLE, TWO DIFFERENT GENEALOGIES

English king is inherited from the Germanic kin-lineage formation *kuninga-. Latin rēx descends from the straight, direct, and rule root. Historical translation makes them semantic equivalents; it does not place one word inside the other’s family tree.

king↔rēx
Rosemarie Lühr · Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Lewis and Short · established
08

WORD-FAMILY REUSE

DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE

3
kin3 CLAIM LINKS↗king13 CLAIM LINKS↗rēx1 CLAIM LINKS↗

3 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.