Every work cited by the reviewed graph.
SOURCE LIBRARY
COVERAGE LEDGER ↗THE PROVENANCE GRAPH
SOURCE → CLAIM → WORDSHOW THE
RECEIPTS.
Every book, dictionary, database, and article becomes a permanent record with backlinks to the exact historical claims that depend on it.
Source-to-relationship evidence links.
Sources attached to lexical attestations.
Direct evidence links for ranked reveals.
Located sources attached to scholarly disagreements.
Bibliographic records with no live evidence link.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY IS A GRAPH, NOT A FOOTNOTE DUMP.
Each record shows exactly where SET-U uses a source. Citation does not mean blanket endorsement: stances preserve support, challenge, contradiction, and context.
PERMANENT BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDS
49 SOURCES IN THIS VIEW
Hate — definition, etymology, and first known use
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 33
- WITNESSES
- 2
- COMPARISONS
- 23
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 2
- DISPUTES
- 41
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 38
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 76
The shortest history of hatred continued and partly concluded
Oxford University Press
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 26
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 9
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 2
- RANKED REVEALS
- 3
- DISPUTES
- 35
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 34
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 44
Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026
Oxford University Press
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 4
- WITNESSES
- 12
- COMPARISONS
- 45
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 5
- DISPUTES
- 24
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 13
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 7
Oxford English Dictionary — friend, n. & adj.
Oxford University Press
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 5
- WITNESSES
- 7
- COMPARISONS
- 28
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 2
- RANKED REVEALS
- 3
- DISPUTES
- 36
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 11
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 8
Indo-European Root reg-
HarperCollins
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 29
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 27
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 9
- DISPUTES
- 6
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 16
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 52
Celto-Germanic — HATRED *kad-
University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 10
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 17
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 9
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 13
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 24
Indo-European Root genə-
HarperCollins
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 16
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 10
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 3
- DISPUTES
- 7
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 6
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 14
Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vijand
Etymologiebank · Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 6
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 12
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 3
- DISPUTES
- 9
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 5
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 8
eDIL — 1 cais, noun explained as both love and hate
Royal Irish Academy
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 1
- WITNESSES
- 10
- COMPARISONS
- 8
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 12
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 3
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 1
DWDS — Feind, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeifer
Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 4
- WITNESSES
- 2
- COMPARISONS
- 12
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 2
- DISPUTES
- 8
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 6
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 5
Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vriend
Etymologiebank · Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 5
- WITNESSES
- 4
- COMPARISONS
- 10
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 7
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 4
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 5
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — feónd
Faculty of Arts, Charles University
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 2
- WITNESSES
- 3
- COMPARISONS
- 12
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 3
- DISPUTES
- 5
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 3
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — fjándi, masculine noun
University of Copenhagen
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 1
- WITNESSES
- 6
- COMPARISONS
- 2
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 2
- DISPUTES
- 10
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 1
Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: A
University of St Andrews
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 6
- WITNESSES
- 2
- COMPARISONS
- 3
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 3
- RANKED REVEALS
- 2
- DISPUTES
- 4
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 4
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 7
An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — freónd
Faculty of Arts, Charles University
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 2
- WITNESSES
- 5
- COMPARISONS
- 2
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 2
- DISPUTES
- 7
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 4
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 3
Urban legends: Turkish kayık “boat” and “Eskimo” qayaq “kayak”
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis · Jagiellonian University Repository
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 8
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 1
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 2
- DISPUTES
- 4
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 6
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 8
Wife — Definition and Word History
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 7
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 8
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 2
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 3
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 4
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — FRÆNDI
Clarendon Press · old-norse.net digital edition reproduced in ONP
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 2
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 9
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 7
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 2
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine noun
University of Copenhagen
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 1
- WITNESSES
- 6
- COMPARISONS
- 2
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 9
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 1
Kuning — Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen V
Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht · Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 6
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 5
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 2
- DISPUTES
- 4
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 1
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 3
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — hasz, m.
Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 4
- WITNESSES
- 3
- COMPARISONS
- 0
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 7
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 4
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — Freund
S. Hirzel · digital presentation by DWDS
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 4
- WITNESSES
- 5
- COMPARISONS
- 1
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 4
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 1
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 4
FAQ — Emoji and Pictographs
Unicode Consortium
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 6
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 4
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 2
- DISPUTES
- 2
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 3
Boy — American Heritage Dictionary
HarperCollins
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 7
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 2
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 2
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 7
Duden — Hass
Cornelsen Verlag
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 3
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 0
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 5
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 4
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 3
Husband — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 6
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 2
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 2
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 4
Arithmetic — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 5
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 1
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 2
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 3
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 5
Legal — Word History
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 3
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 2
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 2
- DISPUTES
- 2
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 3
Algorithm — Word History
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 4
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 1
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 3
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 1
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 4
Law — Word History
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 3
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 1
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 2
- DISPUTES
- 2
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 3
Human — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 4
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 0
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 1
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 3
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 4
Emoticon — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 2
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 2
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 2
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 1
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 1
Kayak — Word History
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 2
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 1
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 2
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 2
Llama — Word History
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 3
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 0
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 2
- DISPUTES
- 1
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 3
Tepee — Word History
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 2
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 2
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 1
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 2
Alpaca — Word History
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 2
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 1
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 1
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 2
Person — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 4
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 0
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 0
- DISPUTES
- 1
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 4
Algorism — Origin and history
Online Etymology Dictionary
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 2
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 1
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 0
- DISPUTES
- 2
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 2
American Heritage Dictionary Indo-European Roots Appendix
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 3
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 1
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 1
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 1
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 0
American Heritage Dictionary: algorithm
HarperCollins
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 0
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 2
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 2
- RANKED REVEALS
- 2
- DISPUTES
- 2
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 0
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 0
rēx — Lewis and Short Latin Dictionary
Tufts University Scaife ATLAS
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 2
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 0
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 2
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 1
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 2
Girl — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 1
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 0
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 1
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 1
Hogan — Word History
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 2
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 0
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 1
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 1
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 2
Kayık — Güncel Türkçe Sözlük
Türk Dil Kurumu
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 1
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 0
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 3
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 1
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 1
Emoji — Word History
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 1
- WITNESSES
- 1
- COMPARISONS
- 0
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 1
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 1
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 1
Liebe — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft
Duden
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 2
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 0
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 0
- DISPUTES
- 1
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 2
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 2
Yatichaña aru pirwa: Vocabulario pedagógico aimara
Ministerio de Educación del Perú
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 2
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 0
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 1
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 1
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 2
Yachachinapaq shimikuna — chawpin qichwa: Vocabulario pedagógico quechua central
Ministerio de Educación del Perú
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 1
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 0
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 1
- DISPUTES
- 0
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 1
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 1
The Word Origins of Algebra, Calculus, and Other Math Terms
Merriam-Webster
- CANONICAL EDGES
- 0
- WITNESSES
- 0
- COMPARISONS
- 2
- CONTEXT LINKS
- 1
- RANKED REVEALS
- 0
- DISPUTES
- 0
- JOURNEY STAGES
- 0
- DOSSIER CITATIONS
- 0
READING THE REGISTER
WHAT A CITATION DOES—AND DOES NOT—PROVE
The cited passage or record supports the attached historical claim.
The source argues against or complicates the attached analysis.
The source supplies evidence incompatible with the claim as stated.
The source informs chronology or interpretation without proving descent.