*SET-U

PERMANENT SOURCE RECORD

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYahd-ie-reg

SOURCE
RECORD.

One work. Every claim that depends on it. No citation without a consequence you can inspect.

CLAIM-LEVEL USAGE

88 PUBLIC LINKS INTO THE GRAPH.

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scholarly referenceahd-ie-reg

Indo-European Root reg-

AUTHOR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
YEAR
2022
PUBLISHER
HarperCollins
DOI
Not recorded
SOURCE TYPE
scholarly reference
EXTERNAL RECORD
OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
29CANONICAL EDGES
0WITNESSES
27COMPARISONS
1CONTEXT LINKS
9RANKED REVEALS
6DISPUTES
16JOURNEY STAGES
14WORD DOSSIERS
01

CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS

RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

9
RANK 19GRADE Acontext

The x of rēx is a whole nominative sound change in one letter.

Latin starts from the bound stem rēg-, adds nominative -s, devoices g to k, and writes the resulting /ks/ as x. Genitive rēgis makes the stem visible—but it is a sibling case form, not an ancestor.

*h₃reg̑-

*h₃reg̑- → *h₃reg- → *rēg- → rēg- → rēgis → rēx

reg-, lengthened-grade *rēg- and Latin rēx

Connects the attested Latin stem analysis to the reconstructed king grade.

rēx dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
RANK 20GRADE Acontext

King is a kin-word, not a royal word.

English king continues Old English cyning and Germanic *kuninga-, built on the kin or lineage base *kunja-. Latin rēx, royal, and regal belong to a different root—and even “leader of the kin” overstates the disputed original Germanic sense.

*ǵenh₁-

*ǵenh₁- → *gn̥ə-yo- → *kunja- → *kuninga- → cyning → king / kyng → king

reg-: Latin rēx and the lengthened ruler grade

Documents the separate rēx, royal, and regal family used in the contrast.

king dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
RANK 104GRADE Asupports

Right was straight before morality claimed it.

Old English riht and Germanic *rehtaz belong to a reconstructed straight-and-direct family. Justice and correctness are historical extensions inside the same inherited word.

*h₃reg̑-

*h₃reg̑- → *h₃reg- → *reg-to- → *rehtaz → riht → right → right

reg-, *reg-to- to Germanic *rehtaz

Publishes the reconstructed straight branch.

right dossier ↗truth record ↗86UNVEILING
RANK 105GRADE Asupports

A rule was a straightedge.

Latin rēgula named a straightedge or ruler as well as a principle. English authority and procedure descend through that concrete measuring branch.

*h₃reg̑-

*h₃reg̑- → *h₃reg- → *rēg-olā- → rēgula → reule → reule → rule

reg-, suffixed *rēg-olā- section

Supplies the deeper straight-piece formation.

rule dossier ↗truth record ↗86UNVEILING
RANK 106GRADE Asupports

Royal and right are deep cousins.

Royal follows Latin rēgālis and rēx through the king branch; right follows Germanic *rehtaz through the straight-and-correct branch. They meet at reconstructed *h₃reg-.

*h₃reg̑-

*h₃reg̑- → *h₃reg- → *rēg- → rēx → rēgālis → roial → roial → royal

Separate king and right branches under reg-

Publishes the deep cousin relationship.

royal dossier ↗truth record ↗86UNVEILING
RANK 111GRADE Asupports

Rājā is the visible case form; rājan- is the stem.

The familiar Sanskrit nominative rājā belongs to the consonant stem rājan-, reconstructed through *rēg-en- in the same deep family as royal, rí, right, and rule.

*h₃reg̑-

*h₃reg̑- → *h₃reg- → *rēg- → *rēg-en- → rājan- → rājā

reg-, suffixed *rēg-en- section

Publishes the reconstructed Sanskrit king formation.

rājā dossier ↗truth record ↗86UNVEILING
02

SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT

DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

6
resolvedcontextestablished

Is English king descended from Latin rēx?

No. King is inherited through Old English cyning from a Germanic kin formation. Latin rēx belongs to the separate straight, direct, and rule family. Translation equivalence does not create ancestry.

reg-: lengthened king grade and Latin rēx

Publishes the separate Latin ruler formation.

king dossier ↗dispute record ↗
03

CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS

EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

29
EDGE 719supportsestablished

riht → *rehtaz

Old English → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
Old English riht reflects Germanic *rehtaz through regular West Germanic history.
MEANING
The Germanic adjective retains right, just, correct, and straight senses.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
reg-, *reg-to- to Germanic *rehtaz and Old English riht

Publishes the Germanic formation and Old English reflex.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 720supportsestablished

*rehtaz → *reg-to-

Proto-Germanic → Proto-Indo-European · inheritance

SOUND
Germanic *rehtaz reflects reconstructed *reg-to- with the expected Germanic consonant history.
MEANING
A straight or directed formation supports correctness and rightness.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
reg-, *reg-to- and Germanic *rehtaz section

Publishes the reconstructed relationship.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 721supportsestablished

*reg-to- → *h₃reg-

Proto-Indo-European → Proto-Indo-European · derivation

SOUND
Reconstructed *reg-to- is a suffixed formation under centum *h₃reg-.
MEANING
The formation specializes the straight-and-direct root as a right or straight adjective.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
reg-, suffixed *reg-to- section

Analyzes the formation under the root.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 722supportsestablished

*h₃reg- → *h₃reg̑-

Proto-Indo-European → Proto-Indo-European · inheritance

SOUND
Centum *h₃reg- reflects the oldest published form *h₃reg̑-.
MEANING
The straight, direct, lead, and rule field is preserved across the reconstructed notation.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
reg- heading: oldest form and centum form

Publishes the two reconstructed notational horizons.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 723supportsboundary

*h₃reg̑- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary
reg- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 727supportsestablished

rēgula → *rēg-olā-

Latin → Proto-Indo-European · derivation

SOUND
Latin rēgula continues reconstructed suffixed *rēg-olā-.
MEANING
A straight piece or rod develops both measuring and normative rule senses.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
reg-, suffixed *rēg-olā- to Latin rēgula

Publishes the straight-piece formation.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 728supportsestablished

*rēg-olā- → *h₃reg-

Proto-Indo-European → Proto-Indo-European · derivation

SOUND
Reconstructed *rēg-olā- is a suffixed formation under centum *h₃reg-.
MEANING
The straight-piece formation specializes the straight-and-direct root.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
reg-, suffixed *rēg-olā- section

Analyzes the formation under the root.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 730supportsboundary

*h₃reg̑- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary
reg- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 738supportsboundary

*h₃reg̑- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary
reg- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 746supportsboundary

*h₃reg̑- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary
reg- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 751supportsestablished

rēx → *rēg-

Latin → Proto-Indo-European · inheritance

SOUND
Latin rēx reflects reconstructed lengthened-grade *rēg-.
MEANING
The lengthened grade supplies an Indo-European king formation.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
reg-, lengthened-grade *rēg- and Latin rēx

Publishes the king formation and Latin reflex.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 752supportsestablished

*rēg- → *h₃reg-

Proto-Indo-European → Proto-Indo-European · derivation

SOUND
Lengthened-grade *rēg- belongs under centum *h₃reg-.
MEANING
The ruler or king formation specializes the straight, direct, lead, and rule family.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
reg-, lengthened-grade *rēg- section

Analyzes the king formation under the root.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 754supportsboundary

*h₃reg̑- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary
reg- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 762supportsboundary

*h₃reg̑- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary
reg- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 767supportsestablished

regere → *h₃reg-

Latin → Proto-Indo-European · inheritance

SOUND
Latin regere continues centum *h₃reg-.
MEANING
Lead straight, direct, and rule preserve the reconstructed root field.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
reg-, Latin regere section

Places the Latin verb under the straight-and-direct root.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 769supportsboundary

*h₃reg̑- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary
reg- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 772supportsestablished

rīce → *rīkja-

Old English → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
Old English rīce reflects Germanic *rīkja-.
MEANING
The powerful or kingly adjective supports later wealth senses.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
reg-, Germanic *rīkja- to Old English rīce

Publishes the Germanic formation and Old English reflex.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 773supportsestablished

*rīkja- → *rīg-yo-

Proto-Germanic → Proto-Celtic · borrowing

SOUND
Germanic *rīkja- was borrowed from Celtic *rīg-yo-.
MEANING
A kingly or powerful formation enters Germanic before the English and French branches.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
reg-, Celtic *rīg-yo- to Germanic *rīkja-

Publishes the Celtic-to-Germanic borrowing.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 774supportsestablished

*rīg-yo- → *rēg-

Proto-Celtic → Proto-Indo-European · derivation

SOUND
Celtic *rīg-yo- belongs to lengthened-grade *rēg-.
MEANING
The Celtic kingly formation specializes the Indo-European ruler branch.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
reg-, lengthened-grade *rēg- and Celtic *rīg-yo-

Publishes the Celtic formation under the king grade.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 777supportsboundary

*h₃reg̑- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary
reg- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 781contextestablished

riche → *rīkja-

Old French → Proto-Germanic · borrowing

SOUND
Old French riche continues a Germanic *rīkja- family form through historical borrowing.
MEANING
Powerful and wealthy remain linked across the Germanic-to-Romance route.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
reg-, Germanic *rīkja- to Old French riche

Places the French form in the reconstructed king-and-power branch.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 789supportsboundary

*h₃reg̑- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary
reg- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 794supportsboundary

*h₃reg̑- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary
reg- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 796supportsestablished

rājan- → *rēg-en-

Sanskrit → Proto-Indo-European · inheritance

SOUND
Sanskrit rājan- reflects the reconstructed suffixed king formation *rēg-en-.
MEANING
King, ruler, sovereign, and chief preserve the ruler field.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
reg-, suffixed *rēg-en- to Sanskrit rājā and rājan-

Publishes the reconstructed formation and Sanskrit reflexes.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 797supportsestablished

*rēg-en- → *rēg-

Proto-Indo-European → Proto-Indo-European · derivation

SOUND
Reconstructed *rēg-en- is an n-stem formation on lengthened-grade *rēg-.
MEANING
The suffix forms a king noun inside the ruler branch.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
reg-, lengthened-grade *rēg- and suffixed *rēg-en-

Publishes the n-stem derivation.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 800supportsboundary

*h₃reg̑- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
MEANING
The trail ends where the published comparative analysis ends.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary
reg- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1037supportsboundary

*h₃reg̑- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
MEANING
The graph stops where the current comparative analysis stops.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary
reg- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1040supportsestablished

rēg- → *rēg-

Latin → Proto-Indo-European · inheritance

SOUND
Latin rēg- reflects the reconstructed Indo-European lengthened king grade *rēg-.
MEANING
The ruler or king formation remains the lexical center while the attested Latin stem is separated from its reconstructed comparative parent.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Norvin W. Richards
reg-, lengthened-grade *rēg- and Latin rēx

Publishes the Indo-European king grade and Latin reflex.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1043supportsboundary

*h₃reg̑- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed *h₃reg̑- root.
MEANING
The graph stops where the current comparative analysis stops.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary
reg- entry endpoint

Defines the deepest reviewed source horizon.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
04

LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS

WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE

0
No lexical witness currently cites this source.
05

COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE

COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES

27
-rīx

rājā

Sanskrit

Indo-Aryan king cognate from a separate n-stem formation

-rīx

rich

English / Celtic-Germanic route

deep relative through Celtic *rīg-yo- borrowed into Germanic, not a descendant of the Gaulish name element

direct

right

English / Germanic route

parallel straight-and-correct branch under *h₃reg-

direct

rule

English / Latin route

parallel straightedge-and-governance branch under *h₃reg-

direct

correct

English / Latin route

parallel Latin rectus formation in the straight family

realm

rule

English / Latin route

parallel governing and straightedge branch

realm

direct

English / Latin route

parallel descendant from regere and rectus

regal

rājā

Sanskrit

king cognate from the lengthened-grade branch

regal

realm

English / French route

government-domain relative under regere

regular

rectify

English / Latin route

parallel straight-and-correct descendant

regular

right

English / Germanic route

deep cousin through *reg-to-

rich

royal

English / Latin route

deep king-family cousin through lengthened *rēg-

rich

rājā

Sanskrit

Indo-European king cognate

right

rule

English / Latin route

parallel straightedge-and-governance branch under *h₃reg-

right

royal

English / Latin route

parallel king branch under lengthened *rēg-

right

direct

English / Latin route

Latin rectus and regere descendant in the straight family

royal

rājā

Sanskrit

king cognate from the lengthened-grade branch

royal

right

English / Germanic route

deep straight-and-correct cousin

rule

right

English / Germanic route

parallel right-and-straight branch

rule

royal

English / Latin route

parallel king branch

rí

royal

English / Latin route

king cognate through Latin rēx and rēgālis

rí

rich

English / Celtic-Germanic route

deep relative through Celtic *rīg-yo- borrowed into Germanic

rí

rājā

Sanskrit

Indo-Aryan king cognate from *rēg-en-

rājā

right

English / Germanic route

deep straight-and-correct cousin under the shared root

rājā

rājñī

Sanskrit

feminine queen formation in the same Sanskrit paradigm

rēx

rājā

Sanskrit

Indo-Aryan king cognate from a separate n-stem formation

rēx

right

English / Germanic route

deep straight-and-correct cousin under the wider root

06

GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS

JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

16
07

NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS

HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE

1
semantic equivalents distinct ancestrysupports

SAME TITLE, TWO DIFFERENT GENEALOGIES

English king is inherited from the Germanic kin-lineage formation *kuninga-. Latin rēx descends from the straight, direct, and rule root. Historical translation makes them semantic equivalents; it does not place one word inside the other’s family tree.

king↔rēx
Rosemarie Lühr · Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Lewis and Short · established
08

WORD-FAMILY REUSE

DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE

14
-rīx6 CLAIM LINKS↗direct8 CLAIM LINKS↗king3 CLAIM LINKS↗rājā11 CLAIM LINKS↗realm6 CLAIM LINKS↗regal7 CLAIM LINKS↗regular7 CLAIM LINKS↗regulate7 CLAIM LINKS↗rēx9 CLAIM LINKS↗rí8 CLAIM LINKS↗rich11 CLAIM LINKS↗right11 CLAIM LINKS↗royal9 CLAIM LINKS↗rule9 CLAIM LINKS↗

52 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.