THE PROVENANCE GRAPH

SOURCE → CLAIM → WORD

SHOW THE
RECEIPTS.

Every book, dictionary, database, and article becomes a permanent record with backlinks to the exact historical claims that depend on it.

624NAMED SOURCES

Every work cited by the reviewed graph.

1669EDGE CITATIONS

Source-to-relationship evidence links.

538WITNESS REPORTS

Sources attached to lexical attestations.

569TRUTH CITATIONS

Direct evidence links for ranked reveals.

1602DISPUTE CITATIONS

Located sources attached to scholarly disagreements.

0ORPHAN SOURCES

Bibliographic records with no live evidence link.

THE RULE

A BIBLIOGRAPHY IS A GRAPH, NOT A FOOTNOTE DUMP.

Each record shows exactly where SET-U uses a source. Citation does not mean blanket endorsement: stances preserve support, challenge, contradiction, and context.

ROLEall roles canonical edges witnesses comparisons context links ranked reveals disputes journey stages

TYPEall types historical dictionary 360research database 52 scholarly reference 30 digitized primary source 25 lexical database 20 institutional lexicon 13 etymological dictionary 11 scholarly article 11 lexical corpus record 9 contemporary dictionary 8 scholarly dictionary 8 editorial reference 6 journal article 5 scholarly lexicon 5 historical text edition 4 monograph 4 digitized scholarly edition 3 historical grammar 3 scholarly essay 3 academic thesis 2 digital critical edition 2 digital scholarly edition 2 editorial method 2 institutional vocabulary 2 lexicographic method 2 manuscript catalog 2 pronunciation reference 2 research article 2 scholarly book 2 book chapter 1 community lexicon 1 comparative database 1 comparative dictionary 1 comparative lexicon 1 conference paper 1 critical edition 1 dataset documentation 1 digital corpus 1 dissertation 1 institutional reference 1 lexicographic methodology 1 monograph chapter 1 official lexicon 1 peer reviewed chapter 1 research monograph 1 scholarly database 1 scholarly grammar 1 scholarly lexicographic note 1 scholarly monograph 1 scholarly series 1 technical reference 1 textual corpus 1 typological database 1

PERMANENT BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDS

302 SOURCES IN THIS VIEW

S001historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors2026140 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hate — definition, etymology, and first known use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 33
WITNESSES: 2
COMPARISONS: 23
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 41
JOURNEY STAGES: 38
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 76

mw-hateAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S002historical dictionary

Oxford English Dictionary Editors2026104 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026

Oxford University Press

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
WITNESSES: 12
COMPARISONS: 45
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 5
DISPUTES: 24
JOURNEY STAGES: 13
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 7

oed-fiend-2026AUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S003historical dictionary

Oxford English Dictionary editors201392 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Oxford English Dictionary — friend, n. & adj.

Oxford University Press

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
WITNESSES: 7
COMPARISONS: 28
CONTEXT LINKS: 2
RANKED REVEALS: 3
DISPUTES: 36
JOURNEY STAGES: 11
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 8

oed-friendAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S004historical dictionary

Gerhard Köbler201489 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Altsächsisches Wörterbuch — hatōn and hėttiand

Gerhard Köbler, International Germanic Etymological Lexicotheca

CANONICAL EDGES: 8
WITNESSES: 10
COMPARISONS: 15
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 3
DISPUTES: 39
JOURNEY STAGES: 14
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 7

koebler-old-saxon-haton-hettiandAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S005historical dictionary

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal editorial team200954 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Oudnederlands Woordenboek — fīunt

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
WITNESSES: 20
COMPARISONS: 2
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 20
JOURNEY STAGES: 6
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 5

onw-fiuntAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S006research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg202645 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lemma fijan — Gothic dictionary and 42-token candidate inventory

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
WITNESSES: 33
COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 1

wulfila-fijanAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S007historical dictionary

Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch editorial teamDATE NOT RECORDED42 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîant, fîjant

Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
WITNESSES: 8
COMPARISONS: 13
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 12
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

awb-fiantAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S008historical dictionary

Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch editorial teamDATE NOT RECORDED39 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîên

Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
WITNESSES: 6
COMPARISONS: 12
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 13
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 2

awb-fienAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S009historical dictionary

Svenska Akademiens ordboksredaktion192438 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Svenska Akademiens ordbok — FIENDE

Svenska Akademien

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
WITNESSES: 6
COMPARISONS: 15
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 10
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

saob-fiendeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S010historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichý201437 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — FEÓGAN

Faculty of Arts, Charles University

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
WITNESSES: 10
COMPARISONS: 13
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 10
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 1

bosworth-toller-feoganAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S011historical dictionary

Jacob Grimm · Wilhelm Grimm · DWDS editorial team202637 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — hassen

Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences

CANONICAL EDGES: 6
WITNESSES: 8
COMPARISONS: 4
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 12
JOURNEY STAGES: 5
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 7

dwds-dwb-hassenAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S012historical dictionary

Royal Irish Academy · eDIL editors202636 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

eDIL — 1 cais, noun explained as both love and hate

Royal Irish Academy

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
WITNESSES: 10
COMPARISONS: 8
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 12
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 1

edil-cais-love-hateAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S013etymological dictionary

Wolfgang Pfeifer · DWDS editorial team202635 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

DWDS — Feind, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeifer

Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
WITNESSES: 2
COMPARISONS: 12
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 8
JOURNEY STAGES: 6
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 5

dwds-feind-pfeiferAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S014research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg202635 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lemma fijands — Gothic enemy noun and 26-token candidate inventory

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
WITNESSES: 19
COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 9
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 1

wulfila-fijandsAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S015etymological dictionary

Wolfgang Pfeifer · DWDS editorial team202633 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

DWDS — Hass, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeifer

Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 15
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 6
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 5

dwds-hass-pfeiferAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S016etymological dictionary

Marlies Philippa · Frans Debrabandere · Arend Quak · Tanneke Schoonheim · Nicoline van der Sijs200932 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vriend

Etymologiebank · Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
WITNESSES: 4
COMPARISONS: 10
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 7
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 5

ewn-vriendAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S017contemporary dictionary

Dudenredaktion202630 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Duden — hassen

Cornelsen Verlag

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 6
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 12
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 6

duden-hassenAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S018historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202629 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Check — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 14
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 3
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 19

mw-checkAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S019contemporary dictionary

Den Danske Ordbogs redaktionDATE NOT RECORDED29 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Den Danske Ordbog — fjende

Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
WITNESSES: 4
COMPARISONS: 14
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 6
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 2

ddo-fjendeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S020historical dictionary

Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones · Scaife ATLAS editors194029 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδος

Tufts University · Scaife ATLAS

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
WITNESSES: 5
COMPARISONS: 0
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 14
JOURNEY STAGES: 6
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 1

perseus-atlas-lsj-kedosAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S021historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202629 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Science — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 14
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 6
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 22

mw-scienceAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S022historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichy201428 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — feónd

Faculty of Arts, Charles University

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
WITNESSES: 3
COMPARISONS: 12
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 3
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

bosworth-toller-feondAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S023historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202627 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Calculus — Word History and Etymology Note

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 7
WITNESSES: 2
COMPARISONS: 5
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 6
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 7

mw-calculusAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S024historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202627 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Guest — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 12
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 2
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 5
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 10

mw-guestAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S025historical dictionary

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors201024 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — fjándi, masculine noun

University of Copenhagen

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
WITNESSES: 6
COMPARISONS: 2
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 10
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 1

onp-fjandiAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S026scholarly reference

John Aldrich et al.202624 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: A

University of St Andrews

CANONICAL EDGES: 6
WITNESSES: 2
COMPARISONS: 3
CONTEXT LINKS: 3
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 4
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 7

mactutor-a-wordsAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S027historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichy201423 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — freónd

Faculty of Arts, Charles University

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
WITNESSES: 5
COMPARISONS: 2
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 7
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

bosworth-toller-freondAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S028scholarly article

José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente201023 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Urban legends: Turkish kayık “boat” and “Eskimo” qayaq “kayak”

Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis · Jagiellonian University Repository

CANONICAL EDGES: 8
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 4
JOURNEY STAGES: 6
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 8

alonso-2010-kayik-qayaqAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S029historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202623 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Wife — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 7
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 8
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 2
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

mw-wifeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S030historical dictionary

Jacob Grimm · Wilhelm Grimm · Trier Center for Digital Humanities202522 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — feind, m.

Trier Center for Digital Humanities

CANONICAL EDGES: 6
WITNESSES: 7
COMPARISONS: 0
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 6

dwb-feindAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S031historical dictionary

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors201022 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine noun

University of Copenhagen

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
WITNESSES: 6
COMPARISONS: 2
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 9
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 1

onp-fraendiAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S032institutional lexicon

DudenredaktionDATE NOT RECORDED21 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

hetzen — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft

Cornelsen Verlag · Duden

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 10
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 1
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

duden-hetzenAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S033historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202620 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Checkmate — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 9
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 4
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 2
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 8

mw-checkmateAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S034historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202620 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Dairy — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 9
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 3
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 2
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 7

mw-dairyAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S035historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202620 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Host — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 3
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 12

mw-hostAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S036digitized primary source

John Harris170419 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciences

Printed for Dan. Brown et al.

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
WITNESSES: 17
COMPARISONS: 0
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 0
JOURNEY STAGES: 0
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 1

erara-harris-lexicon-1704AUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S037historical dictionary

Jacob Grimm · Wilhelm Grimm · DWDS editorial team202618 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — hasz, m.

Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
WITNESSES: 3
COMPARISONS: 0
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 7
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

dwds-dwb-hassAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S038historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202618 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Dialogue — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 7
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 4
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 1
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 6

mw-dialogueAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S039historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202618 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etymological — Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 5
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 3
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 5

mw-etymologicalAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S040historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202617 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Adverb — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 3
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 3
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

mw-adverbAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S041historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202617 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Candid — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 6
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 3
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 2
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 7

mw-candidAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S042historical dictionary

Jacob Grimm · Wilhelm Grimm187817 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — Freund

S. Hirzel · digital presentation by DWDS

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
WITNESSES: 5
COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 4
JOURNEY STAGES: 1
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

dwb-freundAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S043historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202617 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Humiliate — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 4
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 3
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 7

mw-humiliateAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S044contemporary dictionary

Svenska Akademiens ordboksredaktion202617 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Svensk ordbok — fiende

Svenska Akademien

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 9
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

svenska-so-fiendeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S045historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202616 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Chai — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 5
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 2
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

mw-chaiAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S046historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202616 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Fiction — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 8
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 2
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 6

mw-fictionAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S047historical dictionary

Aage Hansen · Sv. Eegholm-Pedersen · Christopher MaaløeDATE NOT RECORDED16 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Holbergordbog — Fiende

Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
WITNESSES: 3
COMPARISONS: 5
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 1
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 1

holbergordbog-fiendeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S048historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202616 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Intelligent — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 3
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 3
DISPUTES: 3
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 6

mw-intelligentAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S049historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202616 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Prologue — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 6
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 2
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 2
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 5

mw-prologueAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S050historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202616 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Royal — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 2
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 4
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

mw-royalAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S051historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202615 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Algorism — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 7
WITNESSES: 2
COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 0
DISPUTES: 2
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 7

mw-algorismAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S052historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202615 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Collect — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 3
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 2
JOURNEY STAGES: 3
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 5

mw-collectAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S053contemporary dictionary

Dudenredaktion202615 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Duden — Hass

Cornelsen Verlag

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 0
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 5
JOURNEY STAGES: 4
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

duden-hassAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S054historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Jonathan Slocum189815 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

HETTAN; HETTEND — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary H

Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas at Austin

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 6
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 4
JOURNEY STAGES: 2
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 1

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S055historical dictionary

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Husband — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

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S056historical dictionary

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Legend — Word History

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S057historical dictionary

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Lesson — Definition and Word History

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S058historical dictionary

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Lord — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S059historical dictionary

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Proverb — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

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S060historical dictionary

CNRTL EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED15 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Étymologie: étymologie

CNRTL

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S061historical dictionary

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Arithmetic — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

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S062historical dictionary

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Bridegroom — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

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S063historical dictionary

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Clew — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

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S064historical dictionary

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Conscience — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

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S065historical dictionary

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Dime — Definition and Word History

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S066historical dictionary

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Etymon — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S067historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichý201414 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

HETE — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online

Faculty of Arts, Charles University

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WITNESSES: 3
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S068historical dictionary

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Kindred — definition, etymology, and first known use

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S069lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED14 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: λόγος

University of Chicago

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S070historical dictionary

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Mussel — Word History

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S071historical dictionary

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Omniscient — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S072historical dictionary

ODS editorial team192214 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Ordbog over det danske Sprog — Fjende

Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab

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S073historical dictionary

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Regular — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S074historical dictionary

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Regulate — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S075historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202614 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Select — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
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S076historical dictionary

Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones194014 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

ἔτυμος — A Greek-English Lexicon

Scaife ATLAS · Perseus Digital Library

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S077historical dictionary

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Bride — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
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DISPUTES: 1
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S078historical dictionary

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Emotion — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 8

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S079historical dictionary

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Etymology — Word History

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S080historical dictionary

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Exhume — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
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COMPARISONS: 1
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RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 2
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

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S081historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Jonathan Slocum189813 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

HATIAN — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary H

Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas at Austin

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WITNESSES: 2
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S082historical dictionary

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Hospital — Word History

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RANKED REVEALS: 1
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 10

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S083historical dictionary

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Humble — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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COMPARISONS: 2
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DISPUTES: 2
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 7

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S084historical dictionary

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Lady — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
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COMPARISONS: 1
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DISPUTES: 2
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

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S085historical dictionary

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Legal — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 2
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 2
DISPUTES: 2
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

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S086historical dictionary

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Verbal — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
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COMPARISONS: 2
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DISPUTES: 2
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

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S087historical dictionary

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Algorithm — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
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COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
RANKED REVEALS: 1
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

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S088historical dictionary

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Calculate — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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COMPARISONS: 2
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 1
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

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S089historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Candor — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S090digitized primary source

Uppsala University Library · Project Codex Argenteus Online192712 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Codex Argenteus facsimile 145 — folio 123r, Luke 1:69–77

Project Codex Argenteus Online

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S091historical dictionary

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December — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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RANKED REVEALS: 1
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S092historical dictionary

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Decimal — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

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S093historical dictionary

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Disaster — Word History

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S094historical dictionary

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Feign — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

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S095historical dictionary

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Hatred — definition, etymology, and first known use

Merriam-Webster

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S096historical dictionary

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Hospitality — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
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COMPARISONS: 1
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RANKED REVEALS: 1
DISPUTES: 1
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 5

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S097historical dictionary

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Icon — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S098historical dictionary

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Intelligence — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

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S099historical dictionary

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Law — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
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COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 1
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S100historical dictionary

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Lecture — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S101historical dictionary

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Nescience — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S102historical dictionary

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Nice — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
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COMPARISONS: 1
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RANKED REVEALS: 1
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S103historical dictionary

Dictionary of South African English EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED12 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Ubuntu, noun

Dictionary of South African English

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
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S104historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Woman — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S105historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202612 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Word — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
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S106scholarly dictionary

Rosemarie Lühr201412 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

liuben; giliuben; liubi; liubî — Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen

Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
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S107historical dictionary

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-logy — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S108historical dictionary

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Chess — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 3

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S109historical dictionary

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Conscious — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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COMPARISONS: 3
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S110lexical corpus record

Corpus Oudfries editors202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Corpus Oudfries — hatia in Jurisprudentia Frisica

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

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S111historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Direct — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 5
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COMPARISONS: 0
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RANKED REVEALS: 0
DISPUTES: 2
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 4

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S112digital critical edition

Kevin Kiernan, editor and designer · Emil Iacob, software engineer202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Electronic Beowulf, Fifth Edition

British Library · University of Kentucky College of Arts & Sciences

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CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 3
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S113historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Female — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S114digitized primary source

Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum87511 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 41, folio 20r, heti locus

Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 0

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S115historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Human — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 4
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mw-humanAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S116lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED11 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: ἐτυμολογία

University of Chicago

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S117historical dictionary

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Male — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S118institutional lexicon

H. C. Petersen198711 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Qajaq-terms

Oqaasileriffik · Atuakkiorfik

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S119historical dictionary

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Robot — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S120historical dictionary

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Rule — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S121historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Ten — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S122historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Verbatim — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S123historical dictionary

Dudenredaktion202611 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

lieb — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft

Duden

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S124historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Avocado — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S125historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Calculator — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S126historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Decimate — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S127historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Emoticon — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S128historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etymologize — Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary

Merriam-Webster

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S129digitized primary source

Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum87510 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 45, folio 22r, hatan locus

Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

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S130historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hospice — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S131historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hotel — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S132historical dictionary

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Kayak — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S133historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Legible — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
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S134research database

Lexicon Poeticum · Skaldic Project editorsDATE NOT RECORDED10 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lexicon Poeticum — hata, verb

University of Copenhagen · Skaldic Project

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S135historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Llama — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S136historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logic — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S137historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Mango — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S138historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Muscle — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S139historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Realm — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S140historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Taboo — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S141historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Tepee — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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mw-tepeeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S142historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors202610 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Verb — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-verbAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S143historical dictionary

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal editorial team199810 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek — VIANT I

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
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S144scholarly reference

Daniel Balland and Marcel Bazin201310 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

ČĀY — Tea

Encyclopaedia Iranica

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S145historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Alpaca — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S146historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Bayou — Word History and etymology note

Merriam-Webster

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S147digitized primary source

Uppsala University Library · Project Codex Argenteus Online19279 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Codex Argenteus facsimile 186 — folio 143v, Luke 6:25–30

Project Codex Argenteus Online

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S148digitized primary source

Uppsala University Library · Project Codex Argenteus Online19279 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Codex Argenteus facsimile 6 — folio 3v, Matthew 5:42–47

Project Codex Argenteus Online

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S149historical dictionary

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors20259 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — ²hatr, neuter noun

University of Copenhagen

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S150historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Etymologist — Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary

Merriam-Webster

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S151historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Figure — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S152historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hostel — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S153historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hostile — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S154historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Intellect — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S155historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Jaguar — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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S156historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Loaf — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S157historical dictionary

Oxford English Dictionary EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED9 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Oxford English Dictionary: clue, n.

Oxford University Press

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S158historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Person — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S159historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Rich — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S160historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Truce — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S161historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20269 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Trust — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S162historical dictionary

ATILF · CNRS · Université de Lorraine20129 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Étymologique — Trésor de la langue française informatisé

Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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S163historical dictionary

ATILF · CNRS · Université de Lorraine20129 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Étymon — Trésor de la langue française informatisé

Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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S164historical dictionary

Max Vasmer19539 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Чай — Этимологический словарь русского языка

Vasmer Etymological Dictionary · Lexicography.online

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S165historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Betroth — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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S166lexical corpus record

Corpus Oudfries editors20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Corpus Oudfries — hatia in the Register to Jus Municipale Frisonum

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

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S167historical dictionary

Gammeldansk Ordbogs redaktionDATE NOT RECORDED8 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gammeldansk Ordbog — fiende

Det Danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab

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S168historical dictionary

CNRTL · ATILF Editors20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Humiliation — étymologie et histoire

CNRS · Université de Lorraine

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S169historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Kin — definition, etymology, and first known use

Merriam-Webster

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S170research database

Lexicon Poeticum · Skaldic Project editorsDATE NOT RECORDED8 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lexicon Poeticum — fjándi, noun masculine, enemy or devil

University of Copenhagen · Skaldic Project

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S171historical dictionary

Eelco Verwijs · Jacob Verdam · Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal19298 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek — VRIENT I

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

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S172historical dictionary

Middle English Dictionary editors20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Middle English Dictionary — frẹ̄nd, n.

University of Michigan

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S173historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Moose — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-mooseAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S174historical dictionary

Douglas Harper20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Prescient — Origin and history

Online Etymology Dictionary

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 0
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etymonline-prescientAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S175historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Right — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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mw-rightAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S176historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20268 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Shah — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
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mw-shahAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S177scholarly monograph

Marta Tío Sáenz20198 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

The Lemmatisation of Old English Weak Verbs on a Relational Database

Universidad de La Rioja

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tio-saenz-old-english-weak-verbsAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S178historical dictionary

Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short18798 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

hostis — Lewis and Short Latin Dictionary

Scaife ATLAS · Perseus Digital Library

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ls-hostisAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S179scholarly lexicon

Charlton T. Lewis · Charles Short · Scaife ATLAS Editors18798 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

rēx — Lewis and Short Latin Dictionary

Tufts University Scaife ATLAS

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scaife-ls-rexAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S180historical dictionary

Henry George Liddell · Robert Scott · Henry Stuart Jones19408 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

ἐτήτυμος — A Greek-English Lexicon

Scaife ATLAS · Perseus Digital Library

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scaife-lsj-etetymosAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S181historical dictionary

Robert E. Lewis et al. · Frances McSparran et al.20017 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

-rē̆de(n suffix — Middle English Dictionary

University of Michigan Library

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med-rede-reden-suffixAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S182historical dictionary

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Editors20127 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Ahuacatl — Gran Diccionario Náhuatl

Instituto de Investigaciones Bibliográficas · UNAM

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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unam-gdn-ahuacatlAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S183historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Algebra — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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mw-algebraAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S184historical dictionary

Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig · Trier Center for Digital Humanities20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — haz, Old Saxon hetias in the Saxon Confession

Saxon Academy of Sciences in Leipzig

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
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awb-haz-hetias-saxon-confessionAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S185historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Chthonic — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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mw-chthonicAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S186digitized primary source

Uppsala University Library · Project Codex Argenteus Online19277 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Codex Argenteus facsimile 60 — folio 94v, John 7:22–28

Project Codex Argenteus Online

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codex-argenteus-94vAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S187lexical corpus record

Corpus Oudfries editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Corpus Oudfries — hatia in the Book of Rudolf

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

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S188historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Dough — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
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COMPARISONS: 0
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mw-doughAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S189historical dictionary

Oskar Reichmann et al.DATE NOT RECORDED7 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Frühneuhochdeutsches Wörterbuch — hetzen

Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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fwb-hetzenAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S190historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Girl — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
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mw-girlAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S191historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hammock — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
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mw-hammockAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S192historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hogan — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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mw-hoganAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S193historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Humility — Definition, Use, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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mw-humilityAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S194historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Kimchi — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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mw-kimchiAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S195historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Kind — definition, etymology, and first known use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-kindAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S196historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Legislation — Definition and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-legislationAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S197lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED7 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: legō / legere

University of Chicago

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S198historical dictionary

Thomas Plate · Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch teamDATE NOT RECORDED7 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch — hetzen

Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
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mhdwb-hetzenAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S199historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Poncho — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 3
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mw-ponchoAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S200historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Regal — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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S201historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Shaman — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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mw-shamanAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S202historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

True — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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mw-trueAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S203historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Truth — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-truthAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S204historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Yogurt — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
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mw-yogurtAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S205historical dictionary

H. G. Liddell and R. Scott; Centre for the Greek Language editors20077 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

μῦς — Liddell and Scott Ancient Greek Dictionary

Centre for the Greek Language

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cgl-ls-mysAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S206lexical database

Calfa Armenian Lexicography Project Editors20267 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Ստոյգ, ուգաց — Enriched Dictionaries of Armenian

Calfa.fr

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calfa-stoygAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S207contemporary dictionary

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal editorial teamDATE NOT RECORDED6 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Algemeen Nederlands Woordenboek — vijand, grammar and corpus examples

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
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anw-vijandAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S208historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20266 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Boomerang — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-boomerangAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S209institutional lexicon

Porto Editora Editors20266 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Chá — Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa

Porto Editora

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S210lexical database

Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and HumanitiesDATE NOT RECORDED6 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Corpus of Latin Dictionaries: candidatus

BBAW

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cld-candidatusAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S211digitized primary source

Gaius Julius Caesar; T. Rice Holmes, editor19146 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

De Bello Gallico — Latin edition in the Scaife Viewer

Perseus Digital Library · Scaife Viewer

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caesar-gallic-war-scaifeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S212historical dictionary

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors20156 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — ¹hatr, masculine analysis

University of Copenhagen

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onp-hatr-masculineAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S213historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20266 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Emoji — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-emojiAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S214textual corpus

Larry D. Benson · Harvard Chaucer Editors20266 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Humiliacioun — Chaucer spelling index and Parson’s Tale record

Harvard University

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S215historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20266 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Humus — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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mw-humusAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S216historical dictionary

Robert E. Lewis et al. · Frances McSparran et al.20016 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Kin n. — Middle English Dictionary

University of Michigan Library

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med-kinAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S217historical text edition

Voluspa.org editorDATE NOT RECORDED6 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Literal Poetic Edda text — Lokasenna

Voluspa.org

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S218historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20266 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Man — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 2
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mw-manAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S219historical dictionary

Georg Friedrich Benecke · Wilhelm Müller · Friedrich Zarncke18546 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch — haʒʒe, swv.

Wörterbuchnetz · Trier Center for Digital Humanities

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bmz-hazzeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S220monograph

Lucía Loureiro-Porto20246 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Pragmatic Markers in World Englishes: Kind of and Sort of as a Case in Point

Publicacions de la Universitat de València

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
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loureiro-porto-kind-ofAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S221historical text edition

Skaldic Project editorsDATE NOT RECORDED6 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Teaching Texts — Skírnismál

Skaldic Project · University of Aberdeen

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skaldic-teaching-skirnismalAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S222historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20266 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Tree — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-treeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S223pronunciation reference

WikiWoordenboek contributorsDATE NOT RECORDED6 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

WikiWoordenboek — vriend pronunciation and syllabification

Wikimedia Foundation

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wikiwoordenboek-vriend-pronunciationAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S224historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20265 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Boy — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
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mw-boyAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S225historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20265 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Candidate — Word History

Merriam-Webster

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
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mw-candidateAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S226digitized primary source

Uppsala University Library · Project Codex Argenteus Online19275 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Codex Argenteus facsimile 57 — folio 33r, John 7:2–8

Project Codex Argenteus Online

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
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S227digitized primary source

British Library · Kevin Kiernan, editor20265 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, folio 152r — Electronic Beowulf facsimile

British Library · University of Kentucky College of Arts & Sciences

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
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electronic-beowulf-152rAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S228historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth · T. Northcote Toller · online editors18985 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Cyn, cynn — Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary

Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
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bt-cynnAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S229historical dictionary

Heidelberger Akademie der WissenschaftenDATE NOT RECORDED5 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch — hetzen, hessen

Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften

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drw-hetzenAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S230digitized primary source

Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum8755 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 150, hotie locus

Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

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mdz-cgm25-scan150-hotieAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S231digitized primary source

Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum8755 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 152, hotean locus

Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

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S232digital critical edition

Homer · Tufts University digital text editorsDATE NOT RECORDED5 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Homer, Iliad 1.445 — πολύστονα κήδεʼ

Tufts University · Scaife Viewer

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scaife-iliad-1-445-kedeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S233historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20265 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Lay — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-layAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S234lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED5 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: lex

University of Chicago

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logeion-lexAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S235historical dictionary

Monier Monier-Williams18995 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary: rājan and rāja

Clarendon Press · University of Hyderabad digital edition

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S236historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20265 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Mouse — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-mouseAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S237lexical corpus record

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors · Olsen edition20235 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

ONP citation — hata in Ragnars saga loðbrókar 136

University of Copenhagen

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S238historical dictionary

Knut Fredrik SöderwallDATE NOT RECORDED5 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Ordbok öfver svenska medeltids-språket — Fiande

Svenska fornskriftsällskapet · digital dictionary mirror

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soderwall-fiandeAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S239historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20265 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Quarantine — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-quarantineAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S240institutional lexicon

John C. Moorfield20265 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Tapu — Te Aka Māori Dictionary

Te Aka Māori Dictionary · Te Murumāra Foundation

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te-aka-tapuAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S241historical text edition

Skaldic Project editorsDATE NOT RECORDED5 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Teaching Texts — Hýmiskviða

Skaldic Project · University of Aberdeen

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S242historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20265 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Troth — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-trothAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S243scholarly lexicographic note

Shamsur Rahman Faruqi20265 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

چا — Urdu spelling history of the tea word

Rekhta Dictionary · Lughat-e-Rozmarra

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rekhta-urdu-chaa-historyAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S244historical dictionary

Richard John Cunliffe19245 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

ἐτεός — A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect

Scaife ATLAS · Perseus Digital Library

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scaife-cunliffe-eteosAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S245digitized primary source

Arnamagnæan Collection · Dictionary of Old Norse Prose · Handrit.is20264 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

AM 674 a 4°, Bókin dýra — manuscript record and images

University of Copenhagen · Handrit.is

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handrit-am-674-a-4AUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S246digitized scholarly edition

James W. Bright, editor19134 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

An Anglo-Saxon Reader — The Phœnix

Henry Holt and Company · Wikisource digitization

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bright-anglo-saxon-reader-phoenixAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S247historical dictionary

Bosworth & TollerDATE NOT RECORDED4 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Bosworth–Toller: lufu

Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary

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bt-lufuAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S248digitized primary source

Uppsala University Library · Project Codex Argenteus Online19274 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Codex Argenteus facsimile 228 — folio 164v, Luke 10:17–21

Project Codex Argenteus Online

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S249digitized primary source

Uppsala University Library · Project Codex Argenteus Online19274 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Codex Argenteus facsimile 31 — folio 27r, Matthew 10:34–40

Project Codex Argenteus Online

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S250digitized primary source

Uppsala University Library · Project Codex Argenteus Online19274 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Codex Argenteus facsimile 96 — folio 76v, John 12:19–25

Project Codex Argenteus Online

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S251digitized primary source

British Library · Kevin Kiernan, editor20264 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, folio 180v — Electronic Beowulf facsimile

British Library · University of Kentucky College of Arts & Sciences

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S252etymological dictionary

Wolfgang Pfeifer · DWDS editorial team20264 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

DWDS — hassen, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeifer

Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences

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S253research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20264 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — Colossians 3:6, hatis

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

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S254research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20264 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — Ephesians 2:3, hatize and hatis

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

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S255research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20264 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — Galatians 5:20, hatiza

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

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S256digitized primary source

Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum8754 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 142, hatandiero locus

Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

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mdz-cgm25-scan142-hatandieroAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S257historical dictionary

Albert L. Lloyd and Rosemarie Lühr20094 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hî(w)a¹ — Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen IV

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

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ewa-hiwa1AUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S258historical dictionary

Lorrin Andrews et al.18364 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Kapu — Nā Puke Wehewehe ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi

University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo · Ulukau

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S259historical dictionary

Robert E. Lewis et al. · Frances McSparran et al.20014 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

King n. — Middle English Dictionary

University of Michigan Library

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med-kingAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S260historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20264 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

King — definition, etymology, and first known use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-kingAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S261historical dictionary

Robert E. Lewis et al. · Frances McSparran et al.20014 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Kīnde n. — Middle English Dictionary

University of Michigan Library

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med-kinde-nounAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S262lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED4 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: salarium

University of Chicago

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logeion-salariumAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S263historical dictionary

Middle English Dictionary Editors20264 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Middle English Dictionary: etimologie n.

University of Michigan

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med-etimologieAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S264lexical corpus record

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors · Jón Þorkelsson edition20234 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

ONP citation — hata in Diplomatarium Islandicum VI 242

University of Copenhagen

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onp-hata-di-vi-242AUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S265lexical corpus record

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors · Unger edition20234 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

ONP citation — hata in Páls saga postula 216

University of Copenhagen

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S266digitized primary source

Sprogsamlinger · University of Copenhagen12004 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

ONP manuscript record — Holm perg 15 4° with folio 89v scan

ONP manuscript catalog and viewer

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S267historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20264 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Salt — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Merriam-Webster

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mw-saltAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S268historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20264 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Tea — Definition and Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-teaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S269institutional lexicon

Türk Dil Kurumu Editors20234 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Çay — Güncel Türkçe Sözlük

Türk Dil Kurumu

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S270digitized primary source

Publius Vergilius Maro; J. B. Greenough, editor18813 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Aeneid — Latin edition in the Perseus text collection

Perseus Digital Library · Alpheios Texts

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vergil-aeneid-perseus-lat2AUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S271historical dictionary

Bosworth & TollerDATE NOT RECORDED3 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Bosworth–Toller: cliewen

Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary

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bt-cliewenAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S272digitized primary source

Uppsala University Library · Project Codex Argenteus Online19273 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Codex Argenteus facsimile 157 — folio 129r, Luke 3:5–9

Project Codex Argenteus Online

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S273research database

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors20263 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose citation — proposed mockery or scorn sense of hatr

University of Copenhagen

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onp-prosper-hatr-scornAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S274digital corpus

Carl Horstman, editor · Middle English Compendium Editors18963 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

English prose works of Richard Rolle: a selection

University of Michigan Library

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S275research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20263 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — Romans 12:9, fiandans

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

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S276historical dictionary

Middle English Dictionary Editors20263 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Humblen — Middle English Dictionary entry and citations

University of Michigan Library

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med-humblenAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S277digitized scholarly edition

Henry Sweet, editor and translator18713 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

King Alfred’s West-Saxon Version of Gregory’s Pastoral Care, page 353

Early English Text Society

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sweet-pastoral-care-353AUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S278lexical database

Classics Department EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED3 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Logeion: λέγω

University of Chicago

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logeion-legoAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S279historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20263 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Sauna — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-saunaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S280historical dictionary

Merriam-Webster Editors20263 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Sincere — Word History

Merriam-Webster

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mw-sincereAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S281historical text edition

Eduard Sievers (editor)18923 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Tatian: Lateinisch und altdeutsch mit ausführlichem Glossar, 2nd ed. — section 72, p. 96

Ferdinand Schöningh · Germanic Lexicon Project transcription

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sievers-1892-tatian-72AUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S282historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth · T. Northcote Toller · online editors18982 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Cyning — Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary

Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online

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bt-cyningAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S283research database

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editorsDATE NOT RECORDED2 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose citation — fjándi in ÁKr 22

University of Copenhagen

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S284research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20262 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — Colossians 3:8, hatis

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

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S285research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20262 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — Ephesians 4:31, hatis

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

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S286research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20262 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — Galatians 4:16, fijands

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

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wulfila-galatians-4-16-fijandsAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S287research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20262 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — Luke 6:22, fijand

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
WITNESSES: 2
COMPARISONS: 0
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DISPUTES: 0
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wulfila-luke-6-22-fijandAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S288research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20262 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — Matthew 5:43, fiais and fiand

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
WITNESSES: 1
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DISPUTES: 1
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wulfila-matthew-5-43-fiaisAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S289research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20262 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — Romans 11:28, fijandans

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 1
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
RANKED REVEALS: 0
DISPUTES: 0
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 0

wulfila-romans-11-28-fijandansAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S290historical dictionary

Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller; digital editors20262 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Hláf — Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary online

Bosworth-Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary online

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 0
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
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DISPUTES: 0
JOURNEY STAGES: 1
DOSSIER CITATIONS: 0

bosworth-toller-hlafAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S291digitized primary source

Académie française16942 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Le dictionnaire de l'Académie française. Tome 1 (A–L), première édition

Jean-Baptiste Coignard

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
WITNESSES: 2
COMPARISONS: 0
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DISPUTES: 0
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 0

daf-1694-t1-gallicaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S292digitized primary source

Académie française16942 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Le dictionnaire de l'Académie française. Tome 2 (M–Z), première édition

Jean-Baptiste Coignard

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
WITNESSES: 2
COMPARISONS: 0
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daf-1694-t2-gallicaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S293historical dictionary

Middle English Dictionary EditorsDATE NOT RECORDED2 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Middle English Dictionary: love n.

University of Michigan

CANONICAL EDGES: 1
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 0
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DISPUTES: 0
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DOSSIER CITATIONS: 1

med-loveAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S294lexical corpus record

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors · Finnur Jónsson edition20232 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

ONP citation — hataz in Morkinskinna 103

University of Copenhagen

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
WITNESSES: 1
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onp-hata-mork-103AUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S295digitized primary source

Karel Čapek; translated by Paul Selver19232 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots): A Fantastic Melodrama

Doubleday, Page & Company

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
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bnf-rur-english-1923AUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S296historical dictionary

Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, and Dagmar Wodtko20192 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Rí — Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Royal Irish Academy

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
WITNESSES: 1
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edil-riAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S297historical dictionary

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal editors20002 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

smeken — Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek

Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 0
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DISPUTES: 0
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vmnw-smeken-liefAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S298digitized primary source

Uppsala University Library; Project Codex Argenteus Online19271 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Codex Argenteus facsimile 276 — folio 57v, Mark 1:6–13

Project Codex Argenteus Online

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
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codex-argenteus-57vAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S299research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20261 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — 1 Thessalonians 2:16, hatis

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
WITNESSES: 1
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CONTEXT LINKS: 0
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wulfila-first-thessalonians-2-16-hatisAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S300research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20261 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — 1 Thessalonians 5:9, hatis

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
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wulfila-first-thessalonians-5-9-hatisAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S301research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20261 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Gothic Bible word analysis — Ephesians 5:6, hatis

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
WITNESSES: 1
COMPARISONS: 0
CONTEXT LINKS: 0
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wulfila-ephesians-5-6-hatisAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

S302research database

Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg20261 PUBLIC CLAIM LINKS

Skeireins word analysis — 8:5, hatiza

Project Wulfila · University of Antwerp

CANONICAL EDGES: 0
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wulfila-skeireins-8-5-hatizaAUDIT THIS SOURCE ↗OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

READING THE REGISTER

WHAT A CITATION DOES—AND DOES NOT—PROVE

01SUPPORTS

The cited passage or record supports the attached historical claim.

02CHALLENGES

The source argues against or complicates the attached analysis.

03CONTRADICTS

The source supplies evidence incompatible with the claim as stated.

04CONTEXT

The source informs chronology or interpretation without proving descent.

SHOW THERECEIPTS.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY IS A GRAPH, NOT A FOOTNOTE DUMP.

302 SOURCES IN THIS VIEW

Hate — definition, etymology, and first known use

Oxford English Dictionary — fiend, n., revised 2026

Oxford English Dictionary — friend, n. & adj.

Altsächsisches Wörterbuch — hatōn and hėttiand

Oudnederlands Woordenboek — fīunt

Lemma fijan — Gothic dictionary and 42-token candidate inventory

Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîant, fîjant

Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîên

Svenska Akademiens ordbok — FIENDE

Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — FEÓGAN

Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — hassen

eDIL — 1 cais, noun explained as both love and hate

DWDS — Feind, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeifer

Lemma fijands — Gothic enemy noun and 26-token candidate inventory

DWDS — Hass, etymology after Wolfgang Pfeifer

Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vriend

Duden — hassen

Check — Word History

Den Danske Ordbog — fjende

Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδος

Science — Word History

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — feónd

Calculus — Word History and Etymology Note

Guest — Word History

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — fjándi, masculine noun

Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: A

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online — freónd

Urban legends: Turkish kayık “boat” and “Eskimo” qayaq “kayak”

Wife — Definition and Word History

Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — feind, m.

Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine noun

hetzen — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft

Checkmate — Word History

Dairy — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Host — Word History

Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciences

Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — hasz, m.

Dialogue — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Etymological — Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary

Adverb — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Candid — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — Freund

Humiliate — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Svensk ordbok — fiende

Chai — Definition and Word History

Fiction — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Holbergordbog — Fiende

Intelligent — Word History

Prologue — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Royal — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Algorism — Word History

Collect — Word History

Duden — Hass

HETTAN; HETTEND — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary H

Husband — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Legend — Word History

Lesson — Definition and Word History

Lord — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Proverb — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Étymologie: étymologie

Arithmetic — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Bridegroom — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Clew — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Conscience — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Dime — Definition and Word History

Etymon — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

HETE — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Online

Kindred — definition, etymology, and first known use

Logeion: λόγος

Mussel — Word History

Omniscient — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Ordbog over det danske Sprog — Fjende

Regular — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Regulate — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

Select — Definition and Word History

ἔτυμος — A Greek-English Lexicon

Bride — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use

SHOW THE
RECEIPTS.