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ALL SOURCES ↗BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYls-hostis
SOURCE
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historical dictionaryls-hostis
hostis — Lewis and Short Latin Dictionary
- AUTHOR / EDITOR
- Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short
- YEAR
- 1879
- PUBLISHER
- Scaife ATLAS · Perseus Digital Library
- DOI
- Not recorded
- SOURCE TYPE
- historical dictionary
- EXTERNAL RECORD
- OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
011
CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS
RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
RANK 163GRADE Asupports
The enemy was once the stranger.
Older Latin hostis named a foreigner or legally recognized outsider. Roman authors themselves explain how usage narrowed toward the armed or public enemy.
*ghos-ti-
*ghos-ti- → hostis
Headword introduction; Cicero and Varro semantic testimonyDocuments the foreigner or stranger sense and its later enemy restriction.
hostis dossier ↗truth record ↗85UNVEILING
021
SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT
DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
resolvedsupportsestablished
Did Latin hostis always mean enemy?
No. Roman sources remembered an older foreigner or stranger sense before usage restricted the word toward a public or armed enemy.
Headword introduction; Cicero De officiis 1.12.37; Varro De lingua Latina 5.3Directly reports the older stranger or foreigner sense and later enemy restriction.
031
CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS
EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
EDGE 133supportsprobable
hostis → *ghos-ti-
Latin → Proto-Indo-European · inheritance
- SOUND
- Latin hostis continues *ghos-ti-; the inherited word first denoted a foreigner or stranger and later narrowed to an enemy.
- MEANING
- The reciprocal or legally recognized outsider becomes the hostile outsider and enemy as Roman usage changes.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Merriam-Webster · American Heritage Indo-European Roots · University of Texas LRC
Headword introduction; Cicero De officiis 1.12.37 and Varro De lingua Latina 5.3Documents hostis as foreigner or stranger in older usage and its later restriction to armed enemy.
041
LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS
WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE
hostisSOURCE-REPORTED
hostis
Cicero, De officiis 1.12.37, as reported in Lewis and Short
OPEN WITNESS 59 ↗051
COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE
COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES
hostile
EnglishEnglish derivative family through Latin hostīlis
063
GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS
JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
stage 2supports
Early Latin legal and foreign relations
Reports older foreigner or stranger usage and later restriction to enemy.
Headword introduction; Cicero and Varro semantic notes · broadstage 3supports
Rome
Provides the located 44 BCE testimony contrasting ancestral and later senses.
Cicero, De officiis 1.12.37 · regionalstage 4supports
Classical Latin literary and political usage
Documents broad classical use for an enemy in arms or of the state.
Enemy sense and classical citation inventory · broad070
NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS
HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE
No non-genealogical context link currently cites this source.
081
WORD-FAMILY REUSE
DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE
1 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.