Latin hostis continues *ghos-ti-; the inherited word first denoted a foreigner or stranger and later narrowed to an enemy.
CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP RECORD
COVERAGE LEDGER ↗EDGE / 0133inheritanceprobable
A CLAIM
YOU CAN AUDIT.
A relationship—not a generated explanation. Both endpoints, every editorial field, every citation, and every dossier reuse are preserved below.
hostis
foreigner or stranger in early use; later enemy
OPEN NODE 150 ↗DESCENDS FROM→
PARENT / EARLIER FORM / reconstructedProto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European prehistory · reciprocal outsider*ghos-ti-
stranger, guest, host; person with reciprocal duties of hospitality
OPEN NODE 140 ↗01
THE COMPLETE RELATIONSHIP
EVERY FIELD, NOT A FAIRY TALE
The reciprocal or legally recognized outsider becomes the hostile outsider and enemy as Roman usage changes.
No separate chronology note is attached beyond the endpoint date ranges.
Merriam-Webster · American Heritage Indo-European Roots · University of Texas LRC
probable — The family connection is strong; the semantic narrowing unfolded historically rather than at one recoverable moment.
reviewed
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CITATION REGISTER
SOURCES ON THIS EDGE
Guest — Word HistoryLatin hostis semantic history
supportsAUDIT SOURCE ↗ORIGINAL ↗Documents the shift from foreigner/stranger to enemy.
Hostile — Word HistoryLatin hostis
supportsAUDIT SOURCE ↗ORIGINAL ↗Hostile — Word Historyghos-ti- root pointer
supportsAUDIT SOURCE ↗ORIGINAL ↗Indo-European Root ghos-ti-Latin hostis from ghos-ti-
supportsAUDIT SOURCE ↗ORIGINAL ↗Indo-European Lexicon: ghosti-sLatin hostis reflex
supportsAUDIT SOURCE ↗ORIGINAL ↗hostis — Lewis and Short Latin DictionaryHeadword introduction; Cicero De officiis 1.12.37 and Varro De lingua Latina 5.3
supportsAUDIT SOURCE ↗ORIGINAL ↗Documents hostis as foreigner or stranger in older usage and its later restriction to armed enemy.
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EDITORIAL REUSE