*SET-U

CANONICAL LANGUAGE GRAPH

TRACE A WORD ↗
NODE / 0150attestedLatin

hostis

foreigner or stranger in early use; later enemy

DATE
Latin antiquity
SENSE
outsider enemy
FAMILY
Indo-European / Italic
CANONICAL KEY
node:9:hostis:attested:sense:outsider-enemy

The shift from legally recognized outsider to hostile outsider is historically documented but not reducible to one dated event.

01

ANCESTRAL EDGES

ROOT OF THIS ROOT

1
GO DEEPERinheritanceprobable
Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European prehistory · reciprocal outsider

*ghos-ti-

stranger, guest, host; person with reciprocal duties of hospitality

SOUND
Latin hostis continues *ghos-ti-; the inherited word first denoted a foreigner or stranger and later narrowed to an enemy.
MEANING
The reciprocal or legally recognized outsider becomes the hostile outsider and enemy as Roman usage changes.
SCHOLAR
Merriam-Webster · American Heritage Indo-European Roots · University of Texas LRC
CONFIDENCE
probable — The family connection is strong; the semantic narrowing unfolded historically rather than at one recoverable moment.
Guest — Word HistorysupportsLatin hostis semantic history

Documents the shift from foreigner/stranger to enemy.

ORIGINAL ↗
Hostile — Word HistorysupportsLatin hostisORIGINAL ↗
Hostile — Word Historysupportsghos-ti- root pointerORIGINAL ↗
Indo-European Root ghos-ti-supportsLatin hostis from ghos-ti-ORIGINAL ↗
Indo-European Lexicon: ghosti-ssupportsLatin hostis reflexORIGINAL ↗
hostis — Lewis and Short Latin DictionarysupportsHeadword introduction; Cicero De officiis 1.12.37 and Varro De lingua Latina 5.3

Documents hostis as foreigner or stranger in older usage and its later restriction to armed enemy.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 133 ↗
02

DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES

THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP

1
DESCENDANTderivationestablished
Latin · Latin antiquity · enmity

hostīlis

of or characteristic of an enemy

SOUND
Latin hostīlis is formed from hostis with the relational adjective suffix -īlis.
MEANING
The noun “enemy” becomes the adjective “enemy-like” or hostile.
SCHOLAR
Merriam-Webster · American Heritage editors
CONFIDENCE
established
Hostile — Word Historysupportshostis plus -īlisORIGINAL ↗
Hostile — Word HistorysupportsLatin hostīlis from hostisORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 132 ↗
03

TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

3

This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.

UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
3
REVIEWED EDGES
3
DEEPEST PATH
3
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
1
hostile3 connected nodes
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE
HISTORICAL STEP 031 EDGE

“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

04

RECORDED EVIDENCE

ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE

1
05

EDITORIAL REUSE

WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE

2
04hostilehostis · established01hostishostis · established