NODE / 0148attestedMiddle French
hostile
hostile or enemy-like
- DATE
- Middle French
- SENSE
- enmity
- FAMILY
- Indo-European / Romance
- CANONICAL KEY
- node:18:hostile:attested:sense:enmity
English borrowing involved both Middle French and Latin.
01ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT
02DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP
DESCENDANTmixed borrowingestablished
Present-Day English · 1580–today · enmityhostile
of an enemy; antagonistic, adverse, or unfriendly
- SOUND
- English hostile was borrowed through Middle French while also drawing directly on Latin hostīlis.
- MEANING
- The enemy-related adjective entered English without a major semantic shift.
- CHRONOLOGY
- First known use: 1580.
- SCHOLAR
- Merriam-Webster editors
- CONFIDENCE
- established — The source identifies both Middle French and Latin; the displayed route preserves French transmission without excluding learned Latin influence.
03TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
- UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
- 1
- REVIEWED EDGES
- 1
- DEEPEST PATH
- 1
- MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
- 1
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
STEP 01mixed borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- English hostile was borrowed through Middle French while also drawing directly on Latin hostīlis.
- MEANING
- The enemy-related adjective entered English without a major semantic shift.
“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.The reviewed graph does not yet attach a source-reported or directly inspected witness to this canonical form.
05EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE