English hostile was borrowed through Middle French while also drawing directly on Latin hostīlis.
CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP RECORD
COVERAGE LEDGER ↗EDGE / 0130mixed borrowingestablished
A CLAIM
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A relationship—not a generated explanation. Both endpoints, every editorial field, every citation, and every dossier reuse are preserved below.
hostile
of an enemy; antagonistic, adverse, or unfriendly
OPEN NODE 147 ↗DESCENDS FROM→
PARENT / EARLIER FORM / attestedMiddle French · Middle French · enmityhostile
hostile or enemy-like
OPEN NODE 148 ↗01
THE COMPLETE RELATIONSHIP
EVERY FIELD, NOT A FAIRY TALE
The enemy-related adjective entered English without a major semantic shift.
First known use: 1580.
Merriam-Webster editors
established — The source identifies both Middle French and Latin; the displayed route preserves French transmission without excluding learned Latin influence.
reviewed
02
CITATION REGISTER
SOURCES ON THIS EDGE
Hostile — Word HistoryMiddle French and Latin borrowing
supportsAUDIT SOURCE ↗ORIGINAL ↗03
EDITORIAL REUSE