English hostile was borrowed through Middle French while also drawing directly on Latin hostīlis.
MEANING
The enemy-related adjective entered English without a major semantic shift.
CHRONOLOGY
First known use: 1580.
SCHOLAR
Merriam-Webster editors
CONFIDENCE
established — The source identifies both Middle French and Latin; the displayed route preserves French transmission without excluding learned Latin influence.
No reviewed descendants currently reuse this node. Absence describes the graph, not the entire history of the form.
03
TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
0
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
0
REVIEWED EDGES
0
DEEPEST PATH
0
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
0
No downstream edge has cleared review for this node. This is a graph-coverage statement, not a claim that the historical form produced nothing.
“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04
RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
1
SOURCE-REPORTEDlexicographic first useestablished
English lexicographic first-use record for hostile
Source-reported first-use year; no underlying printed witness was directly inspected.