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PERMANENT SOURCE RECORD

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYelectronic-beowulf-5

SOURCE
RECORD.

One work. Every claim that depends on it. No citation without a consequence you can inspect.

CLAIM-LEVEL USAGE

11 PUBLIC LINKS INTO THE GRAPH.

This count excludes duplicate dossier-path citations. Open the claims below to see exactly how the source is used.

digital critical editionelectronic-beowulf-5

Electronic Beowulf, Fifth Edition

AUTHOR / EDITOR
Kevin Kiernan, editor and designer · Emil Iacob, software engineer
YEAR
2026
PUBLISHER
British Library · University of Kentucky College of Arts & Sciences
DOI
Not recorded
SOURCE TYPE
digital critical edition
EXTERNAL RECORD
OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
0CANONICAL EDGES
3WITNESSES
0COMPARISONS
0CONTEXT LINKS
3RANKED REVEALS
2DISPUTES
3JOURNEY STAGES
4WORD DOSSIERS
01

CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS

RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

3
RANK 25GRADE Acontext

Hate was enemy-directed action as well as feeling in Old English.

Old English hatian could mean treating as an enemy, persecuting, or injuring; Beowulf puts the verb beside hostile deeds. The deeper claim that pursuit was the first meaning remains open, and the graph says so.

*ḱeh₂d-

*ḱeh₂d- → *ḱh₂d-es- → *hatiz- → *hatōjan- → hatian → haten → hate → hate

Electronic Beowulf edition description and verse lines 2319, 2466

Anchors the cited forms to the current critical edition and unique-manuscript tradition.

RANK 34GRADE Asupports

The Devil entered English as the Enemy—and the enemy was a fossilized hater.

OED’s revised history identifies fiend as an inherited Germanic noun made from the present participle of the hate verb. Old English fēond meant enemy and foe as well as Devil; OED explains Satan as the ultimate Enemy and marks the literal enemy sense obsolete after the medieval period. Cotton MS Vitellius A XV still visibly preserves feondes in a concrete foe’s-footprint scene at Beowulf 2289.

*peh₁-

*peh₁- → *fi(j)ēn- → *fi(j)and- → fēond

Electronic Beowulf line 2289 and folio 180v alignment

Makes the manuscript inspection repeatable.

RANK 56GRADE Asupports

The Old English friend was a loving-agent noun—but not merely a modern intimate.

OED and Bosworth–Toller preserve the morphology behind frēond: an inherited nd-stem formation tied to the verb meaning free or love. The same sources then refuse a slogan-sized definition. Old English uses cover close companion, ally or non-enemy, relation, friend of God, friend versus foe, and friends acting as arbitrators. Cotton MS Vitellius A XV folio 152r visibly preserves freondum in a hall filled with favored people at Beowulf 1018. The unveiling is not that friend secretly means love in every sentence; it is that a loving-agent fossil became a socially versatile noun before modern English existed.

*prī-

*prī- → *frī- → *frijōnd- → frēond

Electronic Beowulf line 1018 and folio 152r alignment

Makes the primary-object inspection repeatable.

02

SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT

DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

2
resolvedsupportsestablished

Does Beowulf 2289 show a demon sense?

No. The directly inspected folio preserves feondes fotlast in a scene where the dragon finds the foe’s footprint. The pixels establish the form and local context, not the entire lexeme.

Electronic Beowulf line control: verse 2289 to folio 180v

Supplies the repeatable edition-to-object alignment.

03

CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS

EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

0
No canonical ancestry edge currently cites this source.
04

LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS

WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE

3
hateSOURCE-REPORTED

hatian

Electronic Beowulf critical edition report of hatode

OPEN WITNESS 230 ↗
hateSOURCE-REPORTED

hatian

Electronic Beowulf critical edition report of hatian

OPEN WITNESS 231 ↗
hatianSOURCE-REPORTED

hatian

Electronic Beowulf critical-edition report of hatian

OPEN WITNESS 238 ↗
05

COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE

COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES

0
No comparative-relative record currently cites this source.
06

GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS

JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

3
stage 3supports

Old English records

Identifies the critical edition, unique manuscript basis, and cited verse locations.

hate→hete and hatian
Electronic Beowulf description and verse lines 2319, 2466 · broad
07

NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS

HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE

0
No non-genealogical context link currently cites this source.
08

WORD-FAMILY REUSE

DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE

4
fēond3 CLAIM LINKS↗frēond3 CLAIM LINKS↗hate4 CLAIM LINKS↗hatian1 CLAIM LINKS↗