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PERMANENT SOURCE RECORD

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYvmnw-viant

SOURCE
RECORD.

One work. Every claim that depends on it. No citation without a consequence you can inspect.

CLAIM-LEVEL USAGE

10 PUBLIC LINKS INTO THE GRAPH.

This count excludes duplicate dossier-path citations. Open the claims below to see exactly how the source is used.

historical dictionaryvmnw-viant

Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek — VIANT I

AUTHOR / EDITOR
Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal editorial team
YEAR
1998
PUBLISHER
Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal
DOI
Not recorded
SOURCE TYPE
historical dictionary
EXTERNAL RECORD
OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
1CANONICAL EDGES
4WITNESSES
0COMPARISONS
0CONTEXT LINKS
1RANKED REVEALS
2DISPUTES
2JOURNEY STAGES
1WORD DOSSIERS
01

CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS

RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

1
RANK 138GRADE Bsupports

The Devil may have preserved the second syllable of Dutch vijand.

The solid layer is already strange: vijand is a fossilized present participle, literally one who hates. The speculative layer is stranger. EWN, Van Veen, De Vries, and Van Haeringen propose that medieval use for the Devil made vijand a church or consecrated term whose full ending resisted the reduction seen in vriend. VMNW proves the Devil sense was real with repeated thirteenth-century records. It does not prove the phonological cause. The correct reveal is may have preserved, not did preserve.

*peh₁-

*peh₁- → *fi(j)ēn- → *fi(j)and- → fīunt / fīant → viant / vient → vijand

Frequency, spelling inventory, and sense 2.1 Devil records

Demonstrates that the medieval Devil sense was repeated and substantial.

vijand dossier ↗truth record ↗86UNVEILING
02

SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT

DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

2
opencontextproposed

Did the Devil preserve vijand’s full ending?

Possibly, not certainly. Van Veen, De Vries, Van Haeringen, and EWN repeat variants of the proposal that medieval Devil usage made vijand a church or consecrated term whose full ending resisted the reduction seen in vriend. Their wording is maybe or probably.

407-token Middle Dutch corpus and dedicated Devil branch

Shows the religious sense was real without proving that it caused phonological retention.

vijand dossier ↗dispute record ↗
03

CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS

EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

1
EDGE 1193supportsestablished

viant / vient → fīunt / fīant

Middle Dutch → Old Dutch · historical continuation

SOUND
Old Dutch fīunt and fīant continue into Middle Dutch viant, viand, uiant, and vient through West Germanic vowel, initial fricative, glide, inflectional, and spelling developments that the corpus preserves as variants rather than one universal intermediate.
MEANING
Enemy or opponent continues. A Devil sense is securely widespread in Middle Dutch, while the earliest Old Dutch Devil reading remains textually disputed.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
ONW editorial team · VMNW editorial team · Marlies Philippa · Frans Debrabandere
Lemma, spelling inventory, 407-record frequency, senses 1–3

Provides the Middle Dutch form range and opponent, Devil, evil-spirit, and monster branches.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
04

LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS

WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE

4
vijandSOURCE-REPORTED

viant / vient

Liège Diatessaron, friend-enemy contrast

OPEN WITNESS 392 ↗
05

COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE

COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES

0
No comparative-relative record currently cites this source.
06

GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS

JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

2
07

NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS

HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE

0
No non-genealogical context link currently cites this source.
08

WORD-FAMILY REUSE

DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE

1
vijand10 CLAIM LINKS↗

1 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.