A CLAIM
YOU CAN AUDIT.

Old Dutch fīunt and fīant continue into Middle Dutch viant, viand, uiant, and vient through West Germanic vowel, initial fricative, glide, inflectional, and spelling developments that the corpus preserves as variants rather than one universal intermediate.

Enemy or opponent continues. A Devil sense is securely widespread in Middle Dutch, while the earliest Old Dutch Devil reading remains textually disputed.

Old Dutch records from 901–1200 into the thirteenth-century Middle Dutch corpus.

ONW editorial team · VMNW editorial team · Marlies Philippa · Frans Debrabandere

established — ONW and VMNW provide bounded corpus inventories, dated forms, and explicit sense profiles. The exact reading of one Old Dutch Devil token remains open.

reviewed