PERMANENT SOURCE RECORD
ALL SOURCES ↗BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYbosworth-toller-feogan
SOURCE
RECORD.
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historical dictionarybosworth-toller-feogan
Bosworth–Toller Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — FEÓGAN
- AUTHOR / EDITOR
- Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Christ Sean · Ondřej Tichý
- YEAR
- 2014
- PUBLISHER
- Faculty of Arts, Charles University
- DOI
- Not recorded
- SOURCE TYPE
- historical dictionary
- EXTERNAL RECORD
- OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
011
CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS
RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
RANK 57GRADE Asupports
The verb disappeared from ordinary English; its prehistoric hater survived as fiend.
Old English fēogan meant hate or persecute and had a productive paradigm including feógende. The Germanic active-participial formation had already lexicalized as an enemy noun before the recorded branches. English therefore preserves the family most visibly not in its ordinary verb hate, but in fēond and modern fiend.
*peh₁-
*peh₁- → *fi(j)ēn- → fēogan
Grammar, definition, examples, and etymologyPublishes the Old English verb paradigm, hate-or-persecute sense, and Germanic comparisons.
fēogan dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
0210
SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT
DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
opensupportsprobable
Is fēogan a strong verb or a weak contracted verb?
Bosworth–Toller labels the full FEÓGAN entry strong, but labels linked contracted feón weak and contracted. The displayed past forms in -de also require grammatical explanation. The dossier preserves the source-level tension rather than silently harmonizing it.
Headword label “strong” and full paradigmPublishes the strong label and forms including -de pasts.
opensupportsspeculative
When did fēogan cease to be an ordinary verb?
The reviewed evidence does not establish one last-use date or a complete Middle English continuation. The trail therefore stops at the Old English written record instead of inventing an extinction year.
Old English grammar and examplesEstablishes the reviewed written period but not a final use.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Are fēogan and feón separate hate verbs?
No secure split is modeled. Bosworth–Toller links feón directly as a similar entry and the full paradigm lists feón among fēogan’s contracted variants.
Grammar variants and similar-entry link to feónPlaces feón inside the fēogan paradigm.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Did fēogan mean only an inward emotion?
No. The dictionary glosses hate and persecute, while examples take people, crimes, evil, unjust ways, law, peace, and a temple as objects.
Definition and ten examplesDocuments hate, persecute, and the range of objects.
resolvedsupportsprobable
Is feógende automatically the noun fēond?
No. Feógende is the productive Old English participle listed in the verb paradigm. Fēond is a lexicalized nd-agent noun inherited from the prehistoric formation.
Grammar: participle feógendeDocuments the productive Old English participle.
resolvedcontextestablished
Is this hate verb the same word as feón meaning rejoice?
No. Bosworth–Toller records a separate homographic feón meaning rejoice, be glad, or exult. Shared spelling after contraction does not establish shared sense or ancestry.
Linked-entry neighborhood and search distinctionKeeps the hate verb separate from the rejoice entry.
resolvedsupportsprobable
Was fēogan borrowed from Gothic fijan?
No borrowing is established. Bosworth–Toller presents Gothic, Old High German, and Old Icelandic comparisons, while Kroonen reconstructs their Germanic verbal ancestor.
Etymology: Old High German, Gothic, and Icelandic comparisonsPresents collateral Germanic forms.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Do feógean, fiógan, feón, and fión prove separate lexemes?
No. They are presented inside one paradigm or as linked contracted forms. Variation in vowel, spelling, and contraction is evidence about the verb, not a license to multiply headwords.
Grammar: FEÓGAN, feógean, fiógan, feón, fiónLists the forms inside one paradigm.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Are the ten Bosworth–Toller examples the complete fēogan corpus?
No. They are the examples exposed by this dictionary entry, not a count of every surviving token, manuscript, lost text, or spoken use.
Displayed example listDefines the bounded dictionary evidence set.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Does the fiógaþ manuscript variant establish exact Old English pronunciation?
No. A spelling variant supports textual variation but does not by itself fix one phonetic value across dialects, periods, and inflections.
Example Feógeaþ [fiógaþ MS. T.] yfelDocuments orthographic variation without phonetic recording.
031
CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS
EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
EDGE 1159supportsprobable
fēogan → *fi(j)ēn-
Old English → Proto-Germanic · inheritance
- SOUND
- Old English fēogan and contracted feón continue the Germanic fi(j)- verb with West Germanic vocalic, consonantal, and inflectional development; the exact prehistoric sequence behind every recorded variant remains reconstructed.
- MEANING
- The inherited Germanic hate or hostility verb remains a transitive verb meaning hate or persecute in Old English.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Guus Kroonen
Grammar, definition, examples, and Germanic comparisonPublishes the Old English paradigm, hate-or-persecute range, and Old High German, Gothic, and Icelandic comparisons.
0410
LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS
WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE
fēoganSOURCE-REPORTED
fēogan
Resignation of the World, hating crimes
OPEN WITNESS 341 ↗fēoganSOURCE-REPORTED
fēogan
Psalm, hands of haters
OPEN WITNESS 342 ↗fēoganSOURCE-REPORTED
fēogan
Psalm, hating unjust ways
OPEN WITNESS 343 ↗fēoganSOURCE-REPORTED
fēogan
Elene, animals and friends
OPEN WITNESS 344 ↗fēoganSOURCE-REPORTED
fēogan
Psalm, people who hate without cause
OPEN WITNESS 345 ↗fēoganSOURCE-REPORTED
fēogan
Psalm, hating workers of deceit
OPEN WITNESS 346 ↗fēoganSOURCE-REPORTED
fēogan
Juliana and Elene, hating the Lord’s law
OPEN WITNESS 347 ↗fēoganSOURCE-REPORTED
fēogan
Psalm, those who hate peace
OPEN WITNESS 348 ↗fēoganSOURCE-REPORTED
fēogan
Christ, hating God’s temple
OPEN WITNESS 349 ↗fēoganSOURCE-REPORTED
fēogan
Psalm, imperative to hate evil
OPEN WITNESS 350 ↗0513
COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE
COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES
feógean
Old Englishan expanded infinitive variant inside the same verb paradigm
fiógan
Old Englisha vowel variant inside the same hate verb
fión
Old Englisha contracted vowel variant of the hate verb
feógende
Old Englishthe productive present participle, distinct from the lexicalized enemy noun
feógeþ
Old Englisha third-person singular finite form
feógaþ
Old Englisha plural present form
feóde
Old Englisha singular past form
feódon
Old Englisha plural past form
feóung
Old Englisha linked deverbal noun recorded by Bosworth–Toller
ge-feógan
Old Englisha prefixed Old English hate verb recorded in the dictionary search family
fian
Gothica Gothic orthographic variant or related lemma in the same verbal family
fiēn
Old High Germana High German cognate in the dictionary comparison
fjá
Old Icelandica North Germanic cognate meaning hate
062
GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS
JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
stage 3supports
Old English-speaking England
Documents the Old English variants, inflection, sense, and Germanic comparisons.
Grammar, definition, examples, and etymology · broadstage 4supports
Old English written record, witness locations unresolved
Supplies the edited lexical record while leaving manuscript inspection undone.
Ten located Old English examples · broad070
NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS
HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE
No non-genealogical context link currently cites this source.
081
WORD-FAMILY REUSE
DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE
1 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.