PERMANENT SOURCE RECORD
ALL SOURCES ↗BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYduden-hassen
SOURCE
RECORD.
One work. Every claim that depends on it. No citation without a consequence you can inspect.
30 PUBLIC LINKS INTO THE GRAPH.
This count excludes duplicate dossier-path citations. Open the claims below to see exactly how the source is used.
contemporary dictionaryduden-hassen
Duden — hassen
- AUTHOR / EDITOR
- Dudenredaktion
- YEAR
- 2026
- PUBLISHER
- Cornelsen Verlag
- DOI
- Not recorded
- SOURCE TYPE
- contemporary dictionary
- EXTERNAL RECORD
- OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
012
CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS
RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
RANK 46GRADE Asupports
Old High German hazzōn is a paradigm fault line, not proof that hate originally meant pursue.
The clean dictionary headword conceals paired ēn and ōn forms: Starling reports hazzēn in the eighth century and hazzōn in the ninth, Duden prints haʒʒēn and haʒʒōn, and the UT reflex index also records hazēn and hazōn. Corpus-wide research confirms that Old High German ēn verbs can show ōn double forms. DWB reports aemulari and insequi alignments that support emulation, following, or hostile pursuit—but Pokorny’s comparative warning is exact: Germanic evidence does not prove that pursue was the root’s basic meaning. The normalized form, the source-reported tokens, the paradigm analysis, and the prehistoric semantic claim are four different evidence layers.
*ḱeh₂d-
*ḱeh₂d- → *ḱh₂d-es- → *hatiz- → *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan → haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn → hazzōn
Herkunft: haʒʒēn and haʒʒōn, originally also pursueSupplies the paired historical forms and an independent action-sense note.
hazzōn dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
RANK 60GRADE A-supports
German hassen has an action buried under the feeling.
Duden says Middle High German haʒʒen and Old High German haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn formerly also meant pursue. Grimm’s DWB goes further: it calls hostile pursuit or persecution the original sense, reports Old High German following or pursuit alignments and Behaim persecution contexts, then explicitly describes the later sense as more about hostile disposition than hostile deeds. Modern Duden centers hatred and strong aversion. The contrast is real; the one certain prehistoric scene is not.
*ḱeh₂d-
*ḱeh₂d- → *ḱh₂d-es- → *hatiz- → *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan → haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn → haʒʒen → hassen → hassen
Herkunft and meanings 1–2Supplies the former pursuit sense and the current feeling-and-aversion contrast.
hassen dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
0212
SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT
DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
opencontextprobable
Is hetzen simply the same verb as hassen?
No. Duden analyzes hetzen as a causative formation related to hassen—historically make hate or bring to hostile pursuit—while the modern verbs have distinct forms and ordinary meanings.
Current meanings of hassenSupplies the distinct modern hassen range.
opencontextprobable
Did the shift from persecution to feeling happen in one dated event?
No single event is established. DWB describes a contrast between hostile deeds and a more muted hostile disposition, while historical and modern examples show overlapping contextual ranges.
Current two-sense definitionShows the modern outcome remains internally differentiated.
opensupportsprobable
Were hazzēn and hazzōn separate unrelated verbs?
That is not established. Dictionaries group both forms under the history of hassen, while corpus-wide scholarship shows that ēn verbs can acquire ōn double forms. The exact relationship for this lexeme still requires token-level paradigm study.
Herkunft: paired Old High German forms under hassenGroups the forms in one historical lineage.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Does modern hassen apply only to people?
No. Duden separates hatred toward a person from strong aversion toward a thing or action and gives clausal-object examples.
Meanings 1–2 and examplesSeparates person-directed hatred from strong aversion toward things or actions.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Did hassen once express hostile action or pursuit?
Yes in the reviewed historical accounts. Duden says the old forms also meant pursue; DWB labels hostile pursuit or persecution the original sense and cites Old and Middle High German alignments.
Herkunft: formerly also pursueIndependently preserves the historical action sense.
resolvedsupportsprobable
Are haʒʒēn and haʒʒōn separate unrelated Old High German verbs?
No such split is established. Duden prints both as historical forms of hassen, while the historical sources preserve variant weak-verb formations and spellings.
Herkunft: haʒʒēn and haʒʒōnPrints both Old High German variants under the modern headword.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Does current hassen ordinarily mean physically persecute?
No. Duden’s current meanings center hatred and strong aversion. Pursuit and persecution belong to the historical semantic account, not a requirement of the current standard verb.
Current meanings 1–2Centers the current verb on hatred and strong aversion.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Was German hassen borrowed from English hate?
No borrowing is established. German hassen continues Old and Middle High German forms; English hate follows its own Old English branch. They meet only in reconstructed Germanic material.
Herkunft: Middle and Old High German formsDocuments inherited German history rather than English borrowing.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Is hazzōn itself a directly inspected manuscript token?
No. The current dossier verifies dictionary and research-database records plus three source-reported lexical alignments; it does not claim a manuscript object for the normalized infinitive.
Herkunft: Old High German citation formsSupplies a normalized lexicographic form rather than a manuscript object.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Did Old High German preserve only the ōn form?
No. Duden prints haʒʒēn and haʒʒōn, Starling prints hazzēn and hazzōn, and the UT index adds hazēn and hazōn spellings.
Herkunft: haʒʒēn and haʒʒōnPrints both Old High German vowel-class forms.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Could the Old High German verb express following or hostile pursuit?
Yes in the reviewed lexical reports. DWB aligns haʒôn with aemulari and hatamas and hatent with forms of insequi; Duden independently says the older verb also meant pursue.
Herkunft: originally also pursueIndependently preserves the older action range.
resolvedcontextestablished
Is hazzōn the only correct historical spelling?
No. The reviewed references print hazēn, hazōn, hazzēn, hazzōn, haʒʒēn, haʒʒōn, and haʒôn according to their editorial systems and source conventions.
Herkunft: haʒʒēn and haʒʒōnDisplays the historical ʒ-based spellings.
035
CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS
EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
EDGE 1184supportsestablished
hassen → hassen
German → Early New High German · historical continuation
- SOUND
- Early New High German hassen continues into New High German with the same normalized spelling while pronunciation, inflection, and usage are standardized over time.
- MEANING
- The modern verb retains person-directed hatred and also supports a broad strong-aversion sense for things and actions; the edge does not assign one intensity to every historical token.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Dudenredaktion · Wolfgang Pfeifer · Jacob Grimm
Meanings 1–2, pronunciation, and grammarDocuments the current weak verb, pronunciation, person-directed hatred, and strong-aversion sense.
EDGE 1185supportsestablished
hassen → haʒʒen
Early New High German → Middle High German · historical continuation
- SOUND
- Middle High German haʒʒen continues into the hassen spelling of the Early New High German record as the historical sibilant notation and spelling conventions change.
- MEANING
- The Middle High German record already includes ordinary hating and disliking; action-centered persecution contexts recede while hostile disposition becomes central.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Dudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm · Matthias Lexer
Herkunft: Middle High German haʒʒenPublishes the historical predecessor of current hassen.
EDGE 1186supportsestablished
haʒʒen → haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn
Middle High German → Old High German · historical continuation
- SOUND
- The reviewed dictionaries connect Middle High German haʒʒen with Old High German haʒʒēn and haʒʒōn. The edge preserves the printed variants rather than inventing one normalized historical token.
- MEANING
- DWB aligns Old High German forms with following or pursuing and describes the later feeling-centered sense as more muted; Middle High German evidence contains both hostile action and disposition.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Dudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm · Georg Friedrich Benecke · Wilhelm Müller · Friedrich Zarncke
Herkunft: Middle High German haʒʒen, Old High German haʒʒēn and haʒʒōnDirectly publishes the High German form sequence.
EDGE 1187contextprobable
haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn → *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan
Old High German → Proto-Germanic · inheritance
- SOUND
- Old High German haʒʒōn belongs to the comparative weak-verb set Orel reconstructs as *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan; the High German branch reflects the consonant-shifted Germanic t in the doubled sibilant spelling.
- MEANING
- The inherited Germanic hate field continues in the Old High German verb, but pursuit, hostile action, and hostile disposition remain competing candidates for the earlier semantic center.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Vladimir Orel · Dudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm
Herkunft: Old High German haʒʒēn and haʒʒōnSupplies the attested branch forms.
EDGE 1242supportsprobable
hazzōn → haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn
Old High German → Old High German · paradigm variant
- SOUND
- The quantity-normalized citation form hazzōn selects the ōn member of a source set also printed as hazōn and haʒʒōn; hazzēn, hazēn, and haʒʒēn represent the neighboring ēn member. This edge is paradigm navigation, not a claim that one written form changed directly into the combined display.
- MEANING
- The variants occupy the same reviewed hate, emulation, following, and hostile-pursuit field. The edge does not assign every gloss to every token or prove that the ēn and ōn records were interchangeable in every dialect.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Dudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm · Starling editors · University of Texas Linguistics Research Center · Mirjam Marti Heinzle
Herkunft: Old High German haʒʒēn and haʒʒōnPrints both variants in the history of current hassen.
041
LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS
WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE
hassenSOURCE-REPORTED
hassen
Strong-aversion construction
OPEN WITNESS 384 ↗056
COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE
COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES
Hass
Germanthe reviewed modern noun in the same inherited hate family
haʒʒēn
Old High Germanthe historical ēn form printed by Duden with the ʒ spelling convention
haʒʒōn
Old High Germanthe historical ōn form printed by Duden with the ʒ spelling convention
haʒʒen
Middle High Germanthe later High German continuation printed in the hassen history
hassen
Germanthe reviewed modern descendant dossier
Hass
Germanthe reviewed modern noun in the inherited hate family
064
GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS
JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
stage 3supports
Old High German textual world
Supplies the branch forms and action-sense note.
Herkunft: Old High German haʒʒēn and haʒʒōn, formerly also pursue · broadstage 6supports
Modern German usage
Defines the current two-sense system.
Meanings 1–2, examples, and grammar · broadstage 6supports
Middle High German textual world
Publishes the High German form sequence.
Herkunft: Middle High German haʒʒen after Old High German haʒʒēn and haʒʒōn · broadstage 7supports
Modern German usage
Defines current usage while preserving the older pursuit note.
Meanings 1–2 and Herkunft · broad070
NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS
HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE
No non-genealogical context link currently cites this source.
082
WORD-FAMILY REUSE
DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE
6 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.