BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYahd-hate

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historical dictionaryahd-hate

Hate — definition and etymology

AUTHOR / EDITOR: American Heritage Dictionary Editors
YEAR: 2022
PUBLISHER: HarperCollins Publishers
DOI: Not recorded
SOURCE TYPE: historical dictionary
EXTERNAL RECORD: OPEN ORIGINAL ↗

4CANONICAL EDGES

0WITNESSES

2COMPARISONS

0CONTEXT LINKS

1RANKED REVEALS

3DISPUTES

5JOURNEY STAGES

4WORD DOSSIERS

CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS

RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

RANK 25GRADE Asupports

Hate was enemy-directed action as well as feeling in Old English.

Old English hatian could mean treating as an enemy, persecuting, or injuring; Beowulf puts the verb beside hostile deeds. The deeper claim that pursuit was the first meaning remains open, and the graph says so.

*ḱeh₂d-

*ḱeh₂d- → *ḱh₂d-es- → *hatiz- → *hatōjan- → hatian → haten → hate → hate

Verb etymology: Old English hatian

Establishes the inherited English verb.

hate dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING

SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT

DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

openchallengesproposed

Did Middle English hate directly continue Old English hete?

Possibly, but the immediate route is disputed. American Heritage gives direct noun descent; Merriam-Webster says the noun was probably derived from haten and replaced hete.

Noun etymology: from Old English hete

States the direct-continuation position.

hate dossier ↗dispute record ↗

openchallengesproposed

Did the noun hate directly continue Old English hete?

The inherited noun is part of the history, but the immediate path is disputed. American Heritage presents Middle English hate from Old English hete; Merriam-Webster says the Middle English noun was probably derived from haten and replaced hete.

Etymology: noun from Old English hete

States the direct-continuation position.

hatred dossier ↗dispute record ↗

openchallengesproposed

Did Middle English hate directly continue Old English hete?

Possibly, but the immediate route is disputed. American Heritage gives direct descent; Merriam-Webster says the noun was probably derived from haten and replaced hete.

Noun etymology: from Old English hete

States the direct-continuation analysis.

hete dossier ↗dispute record ↗

CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS

EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

EDGE 1086challengesprobable

hate → hete

Middle English → Old English · lexical continuation

SOUND: Middle English hate stands beside inherited hete, with a remodeled a-vowel form associated with the verb haten. The graph does not pretend the noun-side replacement was a single regular sound law.
MEANING: Old English hate, hostility, and anger continue in Middle English, while the noun form is remodeled or replaced beside the inherited reflex.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR: Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

Etymology: noun from Old English hete

Presents the more direct noun-continuation analysis.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗

EDGE 1093challengesprobable

hate → haten

Middle English → Middle English · derivation

SOUND: The noun hate is analyzed as a zero-derived or remodeled form based on Middle English haten; this edge represents Merriam-Webster’s probable analysis, not unanimous consensus.
MEANING: The verbal act or disposition of hating supplies a remodeled noun for the emotion.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR: Merriam-Webster Editors

Noun etymology: Middle English from Old English hete

Preserves the competing direct-continuation analysis.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗

EDGE 1094contextestablished

haten → hatian

Middle English → Old English · inheritance

SOUND: Middle English haten continues Old English hatian with loss of the medial unstressed vowel and inherited infinitive reduction.
MEANING: Treat as an enemy or persecute continues as hate; a pursuit sense is relevant to one deeper semantic hypothesis.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR: Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Anatoly Liberman

Verb etymology

Independently documents the same stages.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗

EDGE 1097contextestablished

hate → hate

Present-Day English → Middle English · historical continuation

SOUND: Middle English hate continues into modern /heɪt/ through the Great Vowel Shift and regular loss of final inflectional material; noun and verb converge in one spelling.
MEANING: The hostility and enmity field continues while the verb also develops strong-dislike, distaste, and polite-reluctance uses and the noun develops attributive public uses such as hate speech.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR: Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

Noun and verb entries

Independently documents modern senses and the two historical categories.

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LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS