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A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages — Gothic hatis
- AUTHOR / EDITOR
- R. D. Fulk
- YEAR
- 2018
- PUBLISHER
- John Benjamins Publishing Company · Library of Congress
- DOI
- 10.1075/sigl.3
- SOURCE TYPE
- historical grammar
- EXTERNAL RECORD
- OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS
RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
Gothic hatis—the noun related to English hate—survives chiefly as wrath, including the wrath to come and the wrath of God.
Project Wulfila reports fifteen tokens in hatis, hatiza, and hatize. Fourteen are biblical; Streitberg maps the family chiefly to Greek orgē, gives Galatians 5:20 thumos, and flags Ephesians 4:31 because both stand together. Codex Argenteus folio 129r directly preserves hatiza in “the wrath to come.” Even the paradigm resists simplification: synchronic neuter a-stem, historically an i-stem remodeled into it.
*ḱeh₂d- → *ḱh₂d-es- → *hatiz- → hatis
p. 80, hatis transferred from i-stem history to Gothic a-stem inflectionSupports the remodeled-paradigm portion of the reveal.
The token is attested even though the dictionary headword wears an asterisk.
Köbler heads the Old Saxon noun hėti* but lists written accusative and dative heti plus genitive hetias beneath it. The exact Munich Heliand token is directly visible in the clause rîkioro manno heti endi harmquidi. The dictionary count three also hides a second distinction: it means three lexical loci, while Heliand 1322 survives with M, C, and V readings, producing five reported witness readings across the dossier. The star therefore belongs to an editorial headword layer; it does not erase the attested surface or turn Old Saxon into Proto-Germanic. The visible Heliand context is endured hostility or persecution, while the Saxon Confession groups hetias with malice, envy, and slander. Even the inherited grammar stays open: Fulk and Köbler use an i-stem analysis, whereas Pfeifer calls the wider noun an old es/os-stem.
*ḱeh₂d- → *ḱh₂d-es- → *hatiz- → heti
p. 80, i-stem Old Saxon heti and Gothic a-stem transferPublishes the i-stem comparison and a contrasting branch remodeling.
SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT
DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
Is there one uncontested inherited stem-class analysis for the wider noun?
No. Fulk compares Old Saxon heti and Old English hete as i-stems and says Gothic hatis transferred to the a-stems; Pfeifer calls the wider noun an old es/os-stem.
p. 80, i-stem Old English hete and Old Saxon heti; Gothic transfer to a-stemsPublishes one inherited morphology account.
Was hatis an inherited i-stem or a Gothic neuter a-stem?
Both descriptions operate at different historical levels. Project Wulfila classifies the surviving Gothic paradigm as a neuter a-stem; Fulk treats hatis as an inherited i-stem transferred to the a-stems and compares Old English hete and Old Saxon heti.
p. 80, hatis transferred to the a-stems; compare i-stem hete and hetiSupplies the diachronic i-stem analysis.
Was Old Saxon heti an i-stem noun?
Köbler classifies it as masculine strong i-stem, and Fulk directly calls Old Saxon heti an i-stem in comparison with Gothic hatis.
p. 80, i-stem Old Saxon hetiIndependently supplies the comparative branch classification.
CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS
EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
hatis → *hatiz-
Gothic → Proto-Germanic · inheritance
- SOUND
- Proto-Germanic *hatiz- is represented by Gothic hatis word-finally and by the stem hatiz- before a vowel-initial ending, visible in hatiza. Gothic then regularizes the inherited i-stem into neuter a-stem inflection.
- MEANING
- The inherited anger or hostility noun becomes the Gothic translation choice for Greek wrath vocabulary. That contextual specialization does not prove the noun lacked hatred senses elsewhere.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- R. D. Fulk · John T. Koch · Project Wulfila editors
p. 80, §5.2: hatis transferred to the a-stems; compare i-stem Old English hete and Old Saxon hetiIdentifies Gothic a-stem remodeling of an inherited i-stem comparison.
heti → *hatiz-
Old Saxon → Proto-Germanic · inheritance
- SOUND
- Old Saxon heti is directly compared with the reconstructed Germanic noun represented here as *hatiz-. The inherited h-t frame and i-stem comparison are published; no unattested West Germanic intermediate or falsely precise sound-change date is inserted.
- MEANING
- The Germanic hate, anger, enmity, and hostility field continues in an Old Saxon noun whose located contexts include endured persecution or hostile speech and confessed hostility. No one daughter context is promoted as the original meaning.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- R. D. Fulk · Gerhard Köbler · Wolfgang Pfeifer · Linguistics Research Center editors
p. 80, §5.2: Gothic hatis transferred to the a-stems; compare i-stem Old English hete and Old Saxon hetiDirectly supplies the inherited i-stem comparison and Gothic remodeling contrast.
LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS
WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE
COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE
COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES
hete
Old Englishthe inherited i-stem noun cognate that becomes a full Old English dossier
heti
Old Saxonthe inherited i-stem noun compared directly with Gothic hatis
heti
Old Saxona cognate noun used in the inherited i-stem comparison
hete
Old Englishthe inherited i-stem noun directly compared by Fulk
hatis
Gothicthe inherited noun remodeled into Gothic a-stem inflection
GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS
JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
Proto-Germanic linguistic horizon
Supplies the cross-branch inherited-stem comparison.
p. 80, hatis compared with i-stem Old English hete and Old Saxon heti · uncertainProto-Germanic linguistic horizon
Publishes the inherited i-stem analysis.
p. 80, i-stem Old Saxon heti comparison · uncertainNON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS
HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE
WORD-FAMILY REUSE
DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE
3 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.