Old Saxon → Old Saxon · orthographic variant

SOUND

The normalized lemma hatōn abstracts over written infinitive hatan in Munich manuscript M and haton in manuscript C. The macron and final-vowel normalization are editorial analyses; this edge does not claim that one token changed directly into the other.

MEANING

No meaning change is assigned. Both infinitive readings belong to the same reviewed hate verb, while their object dates and manuscript identities remain separate.

SCHOLAR / EDITOR

Gerhard Köbler · University of Texas Linguistics Research Center · SET-U manuscript review

Old Saxon → Proto-Germanic · competing inheritance

SOUND

Old Saxon h continues the Germanic fricative represented by Orel as x, while the attested ō-class paradigm is compared with reconstructed weak-verb alternatives. Orel prints *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan; Köbler prints *hatōn.

MEANING

The inherited Germanic hostility verb continues as Old Saxon hate or, in lexicographic description, pursue. The evidence does not establish pursuit as the one earlier or original meaning.

SCHOLAR / EDITOR

Vladimir Orel · Gerhard Köbler · University of Texas Linguistics Research Center

Old Saxon → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND

Old Saxon heti is directly compared with the reconstructed Germanic noun represented here as *hatiz-. The inherited h-t frame and i-stem comparison are published; no unattested West Germanic intermediate or falsely precise sound-change date is inserted.

MEANING

The Germanic hate, anger, enmity, and hostility field continues in an Old Saxon noun whose located contexts include endured persecution or hostile speech and confessed hostility. No one daughter context is promoted as the original meaning.

SCHOLAR / EDITOR

R. D. Fulk · Gerhard Köbler · Wolfgang Pfeifer · Linguistics Research Center editors