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BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYkroonen-2013-fijen-fijand

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etymological dictionarykroonen-2013-fijen-fijand

Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic — *fi(j)ēn- and *fi(j)and-

AUTHOR / EDITOR
Guus Kroonen
YEAR
2013
PUBLISHER
Brill
DOI
Not recorded
SOURCE TYPE
etymological dictionary
EXTERNAL RECORD
OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
26CANONICAL EDGES
0WITNESSES
13COMPARISONS
0CONTEXT LINKS
7RANKED REVEALS
42DISPUTES
40JOURNEY STAGES
14WORD DOSSIERS
01

CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS

RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

7
RANK 38GRADE Asupports

Old High German fīant was already a noun—but in fixed phrases its old participial character could still shine through.

AWB calls fîant / fîjant a strong masculine noun, then isolates fixed formulas where its old participial character can still shine through. Fîant uuesan could mean be hostile, hate someone, or wish someone ill; fîant mahhôn meant make hostile; zi fîante tuon could mean regard as an enemy or hate. Beside it, AWB records the live weak verb fîên, to hate, in eighth- and ninth-century Alemannic manuscripts. The word is therefore more revealing than a simple literal gloss: it is a lexicalized noun whose older verbal architecture remained locally visible in syntax.

*peh₁-

*peh₁- → *fi(j)ēn- → *fi(j)and- → fīant

p. 140, *fi(j)and- from *fi(j)ēn-

Supplies the reconstructed Germanic word formation.

fīant dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
RANK 39GRADE Asupports

Old Norse fjándi was an enemy before it was the Devil.

Cleasby and Vigfússon identify the inherited -nd- shape as participial and gloss the older formation as properly a hater. Their first sense is the ordinary enemy; only after the introduction of Christianity does the historical account assign fjándi the fiend branch. ONP then reveals how far the word traveled: 222 citations across enemy, demon, evil spirit, pagan god, Satan, and derogatory uses for hated or bewitched beings and things. The truth is not that every enemy secretly hates. It is that a lexicalized agent noun became an ordinary social category, then accumulated new religious and expressive work.

*peh₁-

*peh₁- → *fi(j)ēn- → *fi(j)and- → fjándi

p. 140, *fi(j)and- from *fi(j)ēn-

Supplies the reconstructed Germanic word formation.

fjándi dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
RANK 40GRADE Asupports

Modern Danish kept the enemy but lost the hate verb inside its grammar.

DDO identifies fjende as historically a present participle of a verb corresponding to Old Norse fjá, to hate or persecute. Old Danish fiende then survives through a remarkable surface cloud: Fiende, Fiænde, Finde, Fînde, clipped Fiend, and both two- and three-syllable scans. The current noun no longer means that every enemy literally feels hate; it names active opposition and extends to states, ideologies, animals, weather, and abstractions. The grammatical fossil unveils a history, not a timeless essence.

*peh₁-

*peh₁- → *fi(j)ēn- → *fi(j)and- → fiende → fjende

p. 140, *fi(j)and- from *fi(j)ēn-

Supplies the reconstructed Germanic relation.

fjende dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
RANK 41GRADE Asupports

The enemy fossil and the living hate verb coexisted in Old High German.

AWB records fîên as a weak verb only in eighth- and ninth-century Alemannic manuscripts, but the pocket preserves an infinitive, present participle, preterite, and past participle across hate, hostility, detestation, and rejection. Beside it, fîant was already a strong masculine enemy noun whose old participial character could still shine through in fixed phrases. Old High German therefore preserves both sides of the history at once: the live verbal family and the noun already lexicalized from it. The evidence reveals a grammatical relationship, not the psychology of every enemy and not a securely recovered Proto-Indo-European essence.

*peh₁-

*peh₁- → *fi(j)ēn- → fīēn

p. 140, *fi(j)and- from *fi(j)ēn-

Supplies the reconstructed Germanic relation between the verb and enemy formation.

fīēn dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
RANK 47GRADE Asupports

The Old Dutch enemy noun outlived the hate verb that created it.

ONW counts twenty-six fīunt occurrences across six attested case-number cells, yet classifies the noun as synchronically unsegmented and says the corresponding hate verb is no longer known in Dutch. Comparative evidence reconstructs the noun as an old present-participial formation: the hating one. The grammar therefore preserves a fossil in nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative records after Dutch lost the living verb that once made the formation transparent. Six cells are evidence, not a complete paradigm; the early Psalms records survive in later copies; and the lone Devil gloss is disputed.

*peh₁-

*peh₁- → *fi(j)ēn- → *fi(j)and- → fīunt / fīant → fīunt

p. 140, *fi(j)and- from *fi(j)ēn-

Publishes the reconstructed Germanic word-formation relation.

fīunt dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
RANK 57GRADE Asupports

The verb disappeared from ordinary English; its prehistoric hater survived as fiend.

Old English fēogan meant hate or persecute and had a productive paradigm including feógende. The Germanic active-participial formation had already lexicalized as an enemy noun before the recorded branches. English therefore preserves the family most visibly not in its ordinary verb hate, but in fēond and modern fiend.

*peh₁-

*peh₁- → *fi(j)ēn- → fēogan

p. 140, *fi(j)ēn- and *fi(j)and-

Publishes the reconstructed verb and related enemy formation.

fēogan dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
RANK 138GRADE Bcontext

The Devil may have preserved the second syllable of Dutch vijand.

The solid layer is already strange: vijand is a fossilized present participle, literally one who hates. The speculative layer is stranger. EWN, Van Veen, De Vries, and Van Haeringen propose that medieval use for the Devil made vijand a church or consecrated term whose full ending resisted the reduction seen in vriend. VMNW proves the Devil sense was real with repeated thirteenth-century records. It does not prove the phonological cause. The correct reveal is may have preserved, not did preserve.

*peh₁-

*peh₁- → *fi(j)ēn- → *fi(j)and- → fīunt / fīant → viant / vient → vijand

p. 140, *fi(j)and- from *fi(j)ēn-

Supplies the reconstructed participial formation behind the literal one-who-hates layer.

vijand dossier ↗truth record ↗86UNVEILING
02

SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT

DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

42
opensupportsproposed

Does fijan securely descend from *peh₁-?

Only as a proposal. The Germanic *fi(j)ēn- comparison is stronger than the deeper route; the exact intermediate morphology and semantic unity of harm, blame, suffering, and hate remain reconstructive.

p. 140, deeper reconstruction of *fi(j)ēn-

Publishes the proposed route while leaving it reconstructive.

fijan dossier ↗dispute record ↗
opensupportsproposed

Does *fi(j)and- securely descend from *peh₁-?

Only through the proposed deeper analysis of its Germanic verb base. The lexicalized participle-to-verb relation is stronger than the Indo-European route, whose intermediate morphology and semantic unity remain reconstructive.

p. 140, deeper analysis of *fi(j)ēn-

Publishes the proposed route while leaving it reconstructive.

fijands dossier ↗dispute record ↗
03

CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS

EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

26
EDGE 1142supportsprobable

fijan → *fi(j)ēn-

Gothic → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
Gothic fijan continues the Germanic fi(j)- stem and class-III weak-verb formation. Written Gothic alternates j-bearing forms such as fijan and fijaiþ with j-less fiaiþ, fiais, fiandans, and fiands.
MEANING
The reconstructed Germanic hate verb continues as a Gothic experience verb taking the hated stimulus as an accusative object; lexicalized enemy formations remain a separate branch.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Guus Kroonen · Daniel Ayora Estevan · Project Wulfila editors
p. 140, *fi(j)ēn- and Germanic descendants

Publishes the Proto-Germanic reconstruction and cross-branch comparison.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1143supportsproposed

*fi(j)ēn- → *peh₁-

Proto-Germanic → Proto-Indo-European · competing comparative derivation

SOUND
The proposed analysis connects the Germanic fi(j)- verb to a laryngeal-bearing Indo-European base through prehistoric present-stem remodeling; intermediate formal analyses vary and are not presented as written stages.
MEANING
A proposed harm, blame, suffering, or hostility field develops toward the Germanic verb hate, but the original semantic center is not uniquely recoverable.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Guus Kroonen
p. 140, deeper etymological analysis of *fi(j)ēn-

Publishes the proposed Indo-European route used here with reduced confidence.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1144supportsboundary

*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the proposed *peh₁- comparison.
MEANING
The trail ends before the Gothic verb-and-enemy overlap is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric meaning.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, deepest published comparison used in this dossier

Supports stopping after the qualified PIE proposal rather than inventing an earlier node.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1146supportsprobable

fijands → *fi(j)and-

Gothic → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
Gothic fijands continues the Germanic nd-stem formation with regular branch-level adaptation and Gothic inflection.
MEANING
The already lexicalized agent formation functions as the ordinary noun enemy while remaining formally close to a live participle.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Guus Kroonen · Daniel Ayora Estevan
p. 140, *fi(j)and- and Germanic descendants

Independently publishes the reconstructed formation and branch forms.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1147supportsprobable

*fi(j)and- → *fi(j)ēn-

Proto-Germanic → Proto-Germanic · lexicalized participle

SOUND
The present-participial nd-formation is built on the fi(j)- verb stem.
MEANING
One who hates lexicalizes as enemy before Gothic, while productive participial use survives beside the noun.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Daniel Ayora Estevan · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, *fi(j)and- from *fi(j)ēn-

Publishes the Germanic word-formation relationship.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1152supportsboundary

*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the proposed *peh₁- comparison.
MEANING
The trail ends before enemy or evil spirit is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric concept.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, deepest published comparison used in this dossier

Supports stopping after the qualified PIE proposal rather than inventing an earlier node.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1158supportsboundary

*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the proposed *peh₁- comparison.
MEANING
The trail ends before the Old English enemy, Devil, or demon history is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric concept.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, deepest published comparison used in this dossier

Supports stopping after the qualified PIE proposal rather than inventing an earlier node.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1159supportsprobable

fēogan → *fi(j)ēn-

Old English → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
Old English fēogan and contracted feón continue the Germanic fi(j)- verb with West Germanic vocalic, consonantal, and inflectional development; the exact prehistoric sequence behind every recorded variant remains reconstructed.
MEANING
The inherited Germanic hate or hostility verb remains a transitive verb meaning hate or persecute in Old English.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Joseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, *fi(j)ēn- and Germanic descendants

Publishes the reconstructed Germanic verb and Old English branch comparison.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1161supportsboundary

*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the proposed *peh₁- comparison.
MEANING
The trail ends before the Old English acts of hating or persecuting are reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric concept.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, deepest published comparison used in this dossier

Supports stopping after the qualified PIE proposal rather than inventing an earlier node.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1166supportsboundary

*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the proposed *peh₁- comparison.
MEANING
The trail ends before the Old English enemy, Devil, or demon history is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric concept.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, deepest published comparison used in this dossier

Supports stopping after the qualified PIE proposal rather than inventing an earlier node.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1169supportsprobable

fīant → *fi(j)and-

Old High German → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
Old High German fīant reflects the Germanic nd-agent formation after High German branch development in its vowel, glide, consonants, and inflection.
MEANING
The already lexicalized one-who-hates formation is inherited as the ordinary enemy noun.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Daniel Ayora Estevan · Guus Kroonen · Wolfgang Pfeifer
p. 140, *fi(j)and- and Germanic descendants

Publishes the comparative formation and branch forms.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1172supportsboundary

*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the proposed *peh₁- comparison.
MEANING
The trail ends before the German enemy, English demon, or Grimm’s historical foam comparison is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric concept.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen · Jacob Grimm
p. 140, deepest published comparison used in this dossier

Supports stopping after the qualified PIE proposal rather than inventing an earlier node.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1194supportsprobable

fīunt / fīant → *fi(j)and-

Old Dutch → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
Old Dutch fīunt or fīant reflects the Germanic nd-agent formation after West Germanic and Dutch-branch vowel, glide, consonant, and inflectional development.
MEANING
The already lexicalized one-who-hates formation is inherited as the ordinary enemy noun; Christian Devil usage develops inside the attested daughter record rather than inside the reconstruction.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Guus Kroonen · Marlies Philippa · Arend Quak · ONW editorial team
p. 140, *fi(j)and- and Germanic descendants

Publishes the reconstructed parent and daughter set.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1197supportsboundary

*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the proposed *peh₁- comparison.
MEANING
The trail ends before enemy or evil spirit is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric concept.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, deepest published comparison used in this dossier

Supports stopping after the qualified proposal rather than inventing an earlier node.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1199contextprobable

fiande / fiände → *fi(j)and-

Old Swedish → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
Old Swedish fiande or fiände reflects the North Germanic continuation of the inherited nd-agent formation, with branch vowel development, glide and consonant history, inflection, and scribal spelling represented by the recorded variants.
MEANING
The already lexicalized one-who-hates formation functions as enemy or opponent. A Devil sense is visible inside the attested Swedish branch and is not projected back into Proto-Germanic.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Svenska Akademiens ordboksredaktion · Elof Hellquist · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, *fi(j)and- and Germanic descendants

Supplies the reconstructed parent and wider comparative set.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1202supportsboundary

*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the proposed *peh₁- comparison.
MEANING
The trail ends before enemy, hater, Devil, or harm is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric concept.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, deepest modern comparison used in this dossier

Supports stopping after the qualified PIE proposal rather than inventing an earlier node.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1206supportsboundary

*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the qualified *peh₁- comparison.
MEANING
The trail ends before the historically visible noun, its formulaic verbal residue, or the modern idea of an enemy is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric essence.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, deepest modern comparison used in this dossier

Supports stopping after the qualified proposal rather than inventing an earlier form.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1207supportsprobable

fjándi → *fi(j)and-

Old Norse → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
Old Norse fjándi and plural fjándr continue the inherited Germanic nd-agent formation after North Germanic vowel, glide, ending, and inflectional developments.
MEANING
The already lexicalized one-who-hates formation is inherited as an ordinary enemy noun; demonic, pagan-god, and derogatory branches develop inside the attested Old Norse semantic history.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon · Daniel Ayora Estevan · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, *fi(j)and- and Old Norse fjándi

Publishes the reconstructed parent and Old Norse descendant.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1210supportsboundary

*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the qualified *peh₁- comparison.
MEANING
The trail ends before the historically attested enemy, demon, pagan-god, Satan, or insult senses are reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric essence.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, deepest modern comparison used in this dossier

Supports stopping after the qualified proposal rather than inventing an earlier form.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1212supportsprobable

fiende → *fi(j)and-

Old Danish → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
Old Danish fiende continues the North Germanic reflex of the inherited fi(j)- plus nd agent formation, with branch-specific vowel, glide, ending, and inflectional developments.
MEANING
The already lexicalized one-who-hates formation is inherited as an ordinary enemy noun; the Devil and broader figurative branches belong to attested Danish semantic history.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Den Danske Ordbogs redaktion · ODS editorial team · Daniel Ayora Estevan · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, *fi(j)and- and North Germanic descendants

Publishes the reconstructed parent formation.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1215supportsboundary

*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the qualified *peh₁- comparison.
MEANING
The trail ends before the historically attested enemy, Devil, war-opponent, animal, ideological-opponent, or figurative-threat senses are reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric essence.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, deepest modern comparison used in this dossier

Supports stopping after the qualified proposal rather than inventing an earlier form.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1216supportsprobable

fīēn → *fi(j)ēn-

Old High German → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
Old High German fīēn continues the reconstructed Germanic fi(j)- weak verb after High German branch development in its vowel, optional glide, ending, and inflectional system. The attested forms are not treated as one mechanically complete sound law.
MEANING
The hate or hostility verb remains visible in records meaning hate, not love, be hostile, detest, or reject; individual Latin alignments do not force one identical nuance onto every occurrence.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch editorial team · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, *fi(j)ēn- and Germanic daughter forms

Publishes the reconstructed parent and Old High German descendant.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1218supportsboundary

*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the qualified *peh₁- comparison.
MEANING
The trail ends before the attested hate, hostility, detestation, rejection, or not-love senses are reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric essence.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, deepest modern comparison used in this dossier

Supports stopping after the qualified proposal rather than inventing an earlier form.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1220supportsprobable

fía → *fi(j)ēn-

Old Norse → Proto-Germanic · inheritance

SOUND
Old Norse fía and fjá continue the reconstructed Germanic fi(j)- verb after North Germanic vowel, glide, contraction, ending, and inflectional developments. The attested surfaces are not treated as one mechanically complete sound law.
MEANING
The inherited hate or hostility verb remains finite in three poetic contexts; the reflexive fiásk marks a syntactic development rather than a separate ancestral lexeme.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors · Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, *fi(j)ēn- and Old Norse fjá

Publishes the reconstructed parent and Old Norse descendant.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1222supportsboundary

*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the qualified *peh₁- comparison.
MEANING
The trail ends before the poetic hate verb, reflexive construction, enemy noun, or later fiend senses are reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric essence.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, deepest modern comparison used in this dossier

Supports stopping after the qualified proposal rather than inventing an earlier form.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
EDGE 1252supportsboundary

*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary

SOUND
No older form is promoted beyond the proposed *peh₁- comparison.
MEANING
The trail stops before the fossilized noun, the lost Dutch verb, or the modern category enemy is reverse-engineered into one universal prehistoric essence.
SCHOLAR / EDITOR
SET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen
p. 140, deepest comparison used here

Supports an explicit endpoint after the qualified proposal.

OPEN THE PERMANENT CLAIM ↗
04

LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS

WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE

0
No lexical witness currently cites this source.
05

COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE

COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES

13
fijan

fēogan

Old English

a West Germanic descendant of the reconstructed hate verb

fijan

fīēn

Old High German

a High German descendant of the reconstructed hate verb

fijan

fjá

Old Norse

a North Germanic descendant of the reconstructed hate verb

fjende

fiend

English

a collateral inherited noun whose demonic branch became central

fjá

*fi(j)and-

Proto-Germanic

the reconstructed participial enemy formation built from the related verb family

fjándi

fjá

Old Norse

the collateral hate verb that preserves the live verbal family beside the lexicalized enemy noun

fēogan

fijan

Gothic

the reviewed Gothic cognate continuing the reconstructed Germanic verb

fīunt

fīant

Old High German

a reviewed collateral West Germanic enemy noun

fīunt

fēond

Old English

a reviewed collateral West Germanic enemy noun continued by fiend

fīunt

fjándi

Old Norse

a reviewed North Germanic cognate

fīunt

fiende

Swedish

a reviewed North Germanic continuation

fīēn

*fi(j)and-

Proto-Germanic

the reconstructed participial enemy formation built from the related verb family

vijand

fijands

Gothic

the reviewed lexicalized enemy noun beside productive participial overlap

06

GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS

JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE

40
07

NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS

HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE

0
No non-genealogical context link currently cites this source.
08

WORD-FAMILY REUSE

DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE

14
Feind8 CLAIM LINKS↗fēogan11 CLAIM LINKS↗fēond6 CLAIM LINKS↗fīant13 CLAIM LINKS↗fīēn12 CLAIM LINKS↗fiend6 CLAIM LINKS↗fiende11 CLAIM LINKS↗fijan11 CLAIM LINKS↗fijands10 CLAIM LINKS↗fīunt14 CLAIM LINKS↗fjá10 CLAIM LINKS↗fjándi13 CLAIM LINKS↗fjende14 CLAIM LINKS↗vijand13 CLAIM LINKS↗

50 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.