PERMANENT DISPUTE RECORD
ALL DISPUTES ↗One scholarly question. Every attached source. The present editorial state, without pretending the last word has been written.
No borrowing is established. Old Swedish fiande or fiände belongs to the inherited Germanic set alongside Danish fjende, German Feind, Dutch vijand, and English fiend.
fiˋende · Swedish common-gender noun
The ordinary Swedish noun for an enemy, opponent, hostile state, or figurative threat continues Old Swedish fiande or fiände and an inherited Germanic present-participial formation: literally the hating one. Svenska Akademiens current dictionary calls the word Common Germanic and gives the original force hatande; SAOB and Hellquist independently derive the noun from the fi(j)- hate verb behind Gothic fijan and Old Norse fjá. Modern Swedish hata belongs to a separate Germanic hat- family, so fiende is not transparently built from the verb Swedish speakers now use for hate. Historical Swedish also used Fienden for the Devil, but that branch is not the word’s only or current central meaning. All medieval and early-modern examples here are source-reported lexical records, not directly inspected manuscript objects.
DIRECT CLAIM EVIDENCE
A citation is not a vote. Each record says whether the work supports, challenges, contradicts, or contextualizes the position—and identifies the exact locus used.
Places Swedish inside inherited Germanic continuity.
HISTORY: Common Germanic word and Old Swedish formsPublishes the collateral daughter forms.
Germanic cognate inventoryPlaces the forms beneath shared ancestry rather than borrowing.
p. 140, *fi(j)and- and descendantsThe canonical graph reuses the shared reconstructed formation and draws no daughter-language donor arrow into Swedish.