PERMANENT SOURCE RECORD
ALL SOURCES ↗BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYahd-ie-mus
SOURCE
RECORD.
One work. Every claim that depends on it. No citation without a consequence you can inspect.
20 PUBLIC LINKS INTO THE GRAPH.
This count excludes duplicate dossier-path citations. Open the claims below to see exactly how the source is used.
scholarly referenceahd-ie-mus
Indo-European Root mūs-
- AUTHOR / EDITOR
- Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
- YEAR
- 2026
- PUBLISHER
- HarperCollins
- DOI
- Not recorded
- SOURCE TYPE
- scholarly reference
- EXTERNAL RECORD
- OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
010
CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS
RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
No ranked contrarian reveal currently cites this source.
022
SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT
DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
resolvedsupportsprobable
How secure is Proto-Indo-European *mūs-?
The cross-branch mouse word is reconstructed as PIE *mūs-, while any deeper ancestor remains outside the reviewed evidence.
mūs- root entryPublishes the reconstructed Indo-European root and its daughter forms.
resolvedcontextestablished
Do mussel and muscle share the Latin mouse family?
The English words have distinct immediate histories but converge in the Latin musculus / mūscula family derived from mūs.
mūs- derivativesPublishes the deeper Indo-European root family.
039
CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS
EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
EDGE 104supportsestablished
musculus → mūs
Latin → Latin · diminutive derivation
- SOUND
- Latin musculus is the diminutive formation built from mūs with the suffix -culus.
- MEANING
- “Little mouse” named a muscle and also supplied a Latin name for the mussel; the anatomical resemblance mechanism is not fixed here.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- American Heritage · Merriam-Webster editors
mūs- derivativesEDGE 105supportsprobable
mūs → *mūs-
Latin → Proto-Indo-European · inheritance
- SOUND
- Latin mūs continues the Indo-European *mūs- mouse word; the family also includes Germanic *mūs- and Greek mūs.
- MEANING
- The inherited mouse word also generated specialized muscle and mussel terms in Latin.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- American Heritage Indo-European Roots · University of Texas LRC
mūs- root entryConnects Latin mūs with Germanic and Greek comparanda.
EDGE 106supportsboundary
*mūs- → UNKNOWN
Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary
- SOUND
- No deeper form is promoted beyond the reviewed Indo-European *mūs- reconstruction.
- MEANING
- The graph stops rather than fabricating an ancestor for the mouse word.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- SET-U editorial boundary
mūs- root horizonEDGE 113supportsboundary
*mūs- → UNKNOWN
Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary
- SOUND
- No deeper form is promoted beyond the reviewed Indo-European *mūs- reconstruction.
- MEANING
- The graph stops rather than fabricating an ancestor for the mouse word.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- SET-U editorial boundary
mūs- root horizonEDGE 116supportsprobable
mūs → *mūs
Old English → Proto-Germanic · inheritance
- SOUND
- Old English mūs continues reconstructed Proto-Germanic *mūs, with cognates including German Maus and Dutch muis.
- MEANING
- The rodent meaning remained stable across the Germanic branch.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- American Heritage Indo-European Roots · University of Texas LRC
Germanic *mūs-EDGE 117supportsprobable
*mūs → *mūs-
Proto-Germanic → Proto-Indo-European · inheritance
- SOUND
- Proto-Germanic *mūs continues Proto-Indo-European *mūs-, reconstructed from Germanic, Latin, Greek, and other comparanda.
- MEANING
- The inherited meaning remains “mouse.”
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- American Heritage Indo-European Roots · University of Texas LRC
mūs- root entryEDGE 118supportsboundary
*mūs- → UNKNOWN
Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary
- SOUND
- No deeper form is promoted beyond the reviewed Indo-European *mūs- reconstruction.
- MEANING
- The graph stops rather than fabricating an ancestor for the mouse word.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- SET-U editorial boundary
mūs- root horizonEDGE 274supportsprobable
μῦς → *mūs-
Ancient Greek → Proto-Indo-European · inheritance
- SOUND
- Greek μῦς preserves the inherited long-vowel mouse stem represented by reconstructed *mūs-; the inflected stem appears as μυ-.
- MEANING
- The inherited mouse word also acquires the anatomical muscle sense within Greek.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Liddell and Scott · American Heritage Dictionary Editors · University of Texas LRC
Indo-European root mūs-, Greek and Latin reflexesPlaces Greek μῦς in the reconstructed cross-branch mouse family.
EDGE 275contextboundary
*mūs- → UNKNOWN
Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary
- SOUND
- No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed Indo-European *mūs- reconstruction.
- MEANING
- The mouse-and-muscle history reaches the present evidence horizon.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- SET-U editorial boundary
Root mūs-Defines the reviewed reconstruction at which this dossier stops.
040
LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS
WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE
No lexical witness currently cites this source.
057
COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE
COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES
Maus
GermanGermanic cognate
mūs
LatinIndo-European cognate, not an English ancestor
mūs
Greekcognate mouse-and-muscle word in another Indo-European branch
musculus
Latinshared mouse-derived source of muscle and mussel terms
mouse
EnglishGermanic cognate from the same reconstructed mouse family
muscle
Englishparallel body-part naming through the Latin mouse branch
mussel
Englishdistant English cousin through the Latin mouse-derived family
062
GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS
JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
stage 1supports
Reconstructed Indo-European speech communities
Publishes reconstructed Indo-European *mūs- “mouse” and its descendant or cognate forms without assigning a single homeland point.
Indo-European Root mūs- · uncertainstage 1supports
Indo-European linguistic horizon
Supplies the comparative mouse reconstruction without a point location.
Root mūs-, cross-branch derivatives · broad070
NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS
HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE
No non-genealogical context link currently cites this source.
084
WORD-FAMILY REUSE
DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE
10 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.