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ALL SOURCES ↗BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYtraugott-2014-constructional-framework
SOURCE
RECORD.
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22 PUBLIC LINKS INTO THE GRAPH.
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book chaptertraugott-2014-constructional-framework
Toward a constructional framework for research on language change
- AUTHOR / EDITOR
- Elizabeth Closs Traugott
- YEAR
- 2014
- PUBLISHER
- John Benjamins Publishing Company
- DOI
- 10.1075/slcs.162.06tra
- SOURCE TYPE
- book chapter
- EXTERNAL RECORD
- OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
012
CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS
RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
RANK 23GRADE Asupports
The d in kindred is an intruder—and kind is not in the word.
Kindred is kin plus a fossilized native element meaning a condition or state. One branch reaches the birth root; the other reaches a fit-together root. The modern d arrived between n and r after the compound already existed.
*ǵenh₁-
*ǵenh₁- → *gn̥ə-yo- → *kunja- → cynn → cynræden / cynrēde → kinrede / kindrede → kindred
pp. 96–97: kin-reden, intrusive d, -en loss, and X-RÆDEN declineDirectly supports the hidden morphology, sound change, and relic status.
kindred dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
RANK 24GRADE Asupports
Hatred is medieval—and its -red means neither red nor “more.”
Middle English assembled hate with a dying native element for a state or condition. The compound is younger than its parts; below the secure Germanic hate family, even the celebrated PIE root remains a qualified and semantically difficult proposal.
*ḱeh₂d-
*ḱeh₂d- → *ḱh₂d-es- → *hatiz- → hete → hate → hatrede / hatreden / hateredyn → hatred
pp. 96–97: X-RÆDEN decline and relicsPlaces hatred inside a dying construction rather than an analyzable modern suffix.
hatred dossier ↗truth record ↗89UNVEILING
026
SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT
DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
resolvedcontextestablished
Is hatred the older or more original word?
No. Hate is inherited from Old English noun and verb material; hatred is a Middle English formation first reported in the 13th century. Its suffix names a condition rather than linguistic originality.
pp. 96–97: hatred as an X-RÆDEN relicPlaces hatred inside a declining construction.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Is the -red in hatred the color red?
No. Middle English -rede / -reden continues Old English -ræden, a suffixal or affixoid element denoting state, condition, or quality.
pp. 96–97: X-RÆDEN condition schemaDocuments the productive construction behind the relic.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Does -red historically make hate more intense?
No evidence reviewed identifies -red as an intensifier. It named a state or condition. Modern hatred can denote extreme animosity, but that lexical intensity is not the historical function of the suffix.
pp. 96–97: condition-related-to-X schemaIndependently analyzes the constructional function.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Does kindred descend from kind?
No. The first component is kin, continuing Old English cynn. Kind follows a separate Germanic *kund- and Indo-European *gn̥ə-t- formation; the words meet only at the deeper birth root.
pp. 96–97: kindred from kin-redenIdentifies kin, not kind, as the first element.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Is the d in kindred inherited from the oldest compound?
No. Traugott explicitly identifies an intrusive d between n and r. The late Old English compound is cynræden / cynrēde and Middle English records include both kinrede and kindrede.
p. 96: intrusive d between n and rDirectly identifies the consonant as intrusive.
resolvedsupportsestablished
Is the surviving -red element the color red?
No. It is the reduced relic of Old English -ræden, a condition or state-forming element. The wider pattern once made social and abstract nouns and survives principally in kindred and hatred.
pp. 96–97: X-RÆDEN schema and its two relicsDocuments the pattern, its loss of productivity, and the surviving relics.
035
CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS
EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
EDGE 1072supportsestablished
kindred → kinrede / kindrede
Present-Day English → Middle English · historical continuation
- SOUND
- Middle English kinrede loses the final weak syllable inherited from -ræden, while an intrusive d develops between n and r and becomes fixed in kindred. The edge preserves kindrede as a medieval variant without treating kind as a component.
- MEANING
- The family, lineage, blood-relation, and kinship noun continues; attributive use produces the adjective for shared ancestry and later for related origin, nature, or character.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Elizabeth Closs Traugott · Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors
pp. 96–97: kindred from kin-reden, intrusive d, and loss of the -en endingDirectly documents the intrusive consonant and morphophonological reduction of the fossilized compound.
EDGE 1074supportsestablished
cynræden / cynrēde → cynn
Old English → Old English · compound component
- SOUND
- The first element of cyn-ræden is Old English cynn in compound form; the compound boundary does not assert a sound change from the whole word to cynn.
- MEANING
- Kin, family, lineage, and people supplies the social relation whose condition or collective state the compound names.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Elizabeth Closs Traugott
pp. 96–97: X-RÆDEN schema and kindred from kin-redenAnalyzes kindred as a relic compound in the condition-related-to-X schema.
EDGE 1079supportsestablished
cynræden / cynrēde → -ræden
Old English → Old English · compound component
- SOUND
- The second element of cyn-ræden is the suffixal or affixoid use of Old English ræden; this component edge is morphological analysis, not a claim that the whole compound changed into the suffix.
- MEANING
- A condition related to kin yields kinship and, through collective interpretation, family or related people.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Elizabeth Closs Traugott · Merriam-Webster Editors · Middle English Dictionary Editors
pp. 96–97: X-RÆDEN schema and kindred from kin-redenAnalyzes the second element and its condition-related-to-X construction.
EDGE 1091contextestablished
hatrede / hatreden / hateredyn → -rede / -reden
Middle English → Middle English · compound component
- SOUND
- The second element of hate-rede is Middle English -rede / -reden; this is morphological decomposition, not whole-word sound change.
- MEANING
- The condition or state suffix turns hate into the state or condition of hate.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Elizabeth Closs Traugott
pp. 96–97: hatred as X-RÆDEN relicPlaces the word inside the wider condition construction.
EDGE 1092supportsestablished
-rede / -reden → -ræden
Middle English → Old English · inheritance
- SOUND
- Middle English -rede / -reden reduces Old English -ræden, including loss and variation of the final weak syllable and regular orthographic simplification.
- MEANING
- The older condition, status, estimation, or rule element survives as a narrowing and increasingly fossilized condition-forming suffix.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Middle English Dictionary Editors · Elizabeth Closs Traugott · Merriam-Webster Editors
pp. 96–97: productivity loss and relic formsDocuments decline across the medieval period.
040
LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS
WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE
No lexical witness currently cites this source.
056
COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE
COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES
kindred
Englishthe other principal modern relic of the dead -rede / -ræden condition construction
kind
Englisha tempting visual false parent; the words meet only through deeper birth-root history, not through the intrusive d
hatred
Englishthe other modern relic of the once-productive X-RÆDEN condition schema
-hood
Englishproductive condition or status formation that outcompeted -RÆDEN in Middle English
-ship
Englishproductive condition or status formation that outcompeted -RÆDEN in Middle English
-dom
Englishproductive condition or status formation that outcompeted -RÆDEN in Middle English
063
GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS
JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
stage 4context
Middle English records
Places the word within the declining construction.
pp. 96–97: X-RÆDEN schema, competition, and hatred as a relic · broadstage 3supports
Late Old English records
Places the compound inside a wider late Old English word-formation pattern.
pp. 96–97: late Old English X-RÆDEN schema · broadstage 4supports
Middle English records
Documents the Middle English decline and the surviving kindred form.
pp. 96–97: competition, lost productivity, intrusive d, and -en loss · broad070
NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS
HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE
No non-genealogical context link currently cites this source.
083
WORD-FAMILY REUSE
DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE
2 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.