PERMANENT SOURCE RECORD
ALL SOURCES ↗BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTITYahd-ie-dekm
SOURCE
RECORD.
One work. Every claim that depends on it. No citation without a consequence you can inspect.
30 PUBLIC LINKS INTO THE GRAPH.
This count excludes duplicate dossier-path citations. Open the claims below to see exactly how the source is used.
scholarly referenceahd-ie-dekm
Indo-European Root dekm̥
- AUTHOR / EDITOR
- Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
- YEAR
- 2022
- PUBLISHER
- HarperCollins
- DOI
- Not recorded
- SOURCE TYPE
- scholarly reference
- EXTERNAL RECORD
- OPEN ORIGINAL ↗
014
CONTRARIAN TRUTH CLAIMS
RANKED REVEALS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
RANK 93GRADE Acontext
Decimal is named for tenths, not the point.
The word runs through the tenth-part family to Latin decem “ten.” The decimal point is a notation used by decimals, not the ancestor that named them.
*dekm̥
*dekm̥ → decem → decima → decimālis → décimal → decimal
Root dekm̥, section 1.3Places decimal under Latin decem in the reconstructed ten family.
decimal dossier ↗truth record ↗86UNVEILING
RANK 95GRADE Asupports
Ten and decimal are cousins, not borrower and source.
English ten is inherited through Germanic; decimal is learned through Latin. Both independently continue the reconstructed Indo-European numeral family.
*dekm̥
*dekm̥ → *tehun → tīen / tēn → ten → ten
Root dekm̥, Germanic and Latin descendantsShows Germanic ten-family and Latin decem-family forms as cognates under one reconstruction.
ten dossier ↗truth record ↗86UNVEILING
RANK 139GRADE Asupports
The twelfth month literally means tenth.
The name preserves a Roman year that began in March. The calendar position moved; the inherited Latin name did not.
*dekm̥
*dekm̥ → decem → December → Decembre → December
Root dekm̥, section 1.3Places December under Latin decem and the inherited numeral ten.
December dossier ↗truth record ↗85UNVEILING
RANK 140GRADE Asupports
A dime is literally a tenth.
The coin name reuses a medieval tenth-part word from Anglo-French and Latin decima. It sits in the same deep numeral family as decimal, decimate, December, and inherited English ten.
*dekm̥
*dekm̥ → decem → decimus → decima → disme / dime → dime → dime
Root dekm̥Connects the Latin and Germanic ten families at the reconstructed numeral.
dime dossier ↗truth record ↗85UNVEILING
021
SCHOLARLY DISAGREEMENT
DISPUTE POSITIONS THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
resolvedsupportsestablished
Is English ten borrowed from Latin decem?
No. English ten is inherited through Old English and Germanic, while Latin decem is a cognate from the same Indo-European numeral.
Root dekm̥, Germanic and Latin descendantsShows English ten-family and Latin decem-family forms as cognates under one reconstruction.
037
CANONICAL RELATIONSHIP CLAIMS
EDGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
EDGE 172supportsestablished
decem → *dekm̥
Latin → Proto-Indo-European · inherited
- SOUND
- Latin decem regularly continues the centum-language form of Indo-European *dekm̥.
- MEANING
- The numeral meaning “ten” remains stable.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- American Heritage Indo-European Roots
Root dekm̥, section 1.3Lists decimate, decimal, and December under Latin decem from the Indo-European numeral.
EDGE 173contextboundary
*dekm̥ → UNKNOWN
Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary
- SOUND
- No deeper numeral form is asserted beyond *dekm̥.
- MEANING
- The reviewed trail ends at the published Indo-European root.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- SET-U editorial boundary
Root dekm̥The reviewed root entry is the published stopping point.
EDGE 179contextboundary
*dekm̥ → UNKNOWN
Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary
- SOUND
- No deeper numeral form is asserted beyond *dekm̥.
- MEANING
- The reviewed trail ends at the published Indo-European root.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- SET-U editorial boundary
Root dekm̥The root entry defines the current evidence horizon.
EDGE 184contextboundary
*dekm̥ → UNKNOWN
Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary
- SOUND
- No deeper numeral form is asserted beyond *dekm̥.
- MEANING
- The reviewed trail ends at the published Indo-European root.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- SET-U editorial boundary
Root dekm̥The root entry defines the current evidence horizon.
EDGE 237supportsprobable
*tehun → *dekm̥
Proto-Germanic → Proto-Indo-European · inheritance
- SOUND
- Germanic *tehun continues Indo-European *deḱm̥ with the initial stop shift and branch-specific treatment of the following consonant cluster.
- MEANING
- The numeral meaning remains ten.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors
Root dekm̥, section 1Places Germanic ten and Latin decem under the reconstructed numeral root.
EDGE 238supportsboundary
*dekm̥ → UNKNOWN
Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary
- SOUND
- No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed Indo-European numeral.
- MEANING
- The numeral history reaches the present evidence horizon.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- SET-U editorial boundary
Root dekm̥The reviewed root inventory reaches *dekm̥; SET-U makes that selected horizon explicit.
EDGE 245supportsboundary
*dekm̥ → UNKNOWN
Proto-Indo-European → Beyond secure reconstruction · knowledge boundary
- SOUND
- No older form is promoted beyond the reviewed Indo-European numeral.
- MEANING
- The tenth-word history reaches the present evidence horizon.
- SCHOLAR / EDITOR
- SET-U editorial boundary
Root dekm̥The selected reviewed chain reaches *dekm̥ and no unique deeper numeral in this dataset.
040
LEXICAL ATTESTATIONS
WITNESSES REPORTED BY THIS SOURCE
No lexical witness currently cites this source.
0513
COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE
COGNATES, DESCENDANTS, AND RELATIVES
decimate
EnglishLatin ten-family cousin
ten
EnglishGermanic cognate from the same Indo-European numeral
decimate
EnglishLatin ten-family cousin
December
EnglishLatin ten-family cousin
ten
EnglishGermanic cognate from the same Indo-European numeral
decimal
EnglishLatin ten-family cousin
December
EnglishLatin ten-family cousin
dime
EnglishLatin tenth-family cousin
ten
EnglishGermanic cognate from the same Indo-European numeral
ten
EnglishInherited Germanic cousin from the same Indo-European numeral.
decimal
EnglishLearned Latin cousin built on tenths and base ten.
December
EnglishLatin calendar cousin preserving the former tenth month.
decimate
EnglishLatin ordinal cousin originally involving every tenth member.
065
GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL CLAIMS
JOURNEY STAGES THAT CITE THIS SOURCE
stage 1supports
Reconstructed Indo-European speech communities
Defines reconstructed *dekm̥ as “ten” and explicitly lists December among descendants of Latin decem.
Root dekm̥, heading and Latin decem derivatives · uncertainstage 1supports
Reconstructed Indo-European speech communities
Defines reconstructed *dekm̥ as “ten” and explicitly lists decimal among descendants of Latin decem.
Root dekm̥, heading and Latin decem derivatives · uncertainstage 1supports
Reconstructed Indo-European speech communities
Defines reconstructed *dekm̥ as “ten,” gives older *dek̑m̥, and lists decimate among the Latin decem derivatives without assigning a calendar interval or point location.
Root dekm̥, heading and basic form · uncertainstage 1context
Latin tenth-word family
Places the Latin family under the reconstructed Indo-European numeral.
Root dekm̥, Latin descendants · broadstage 1supports
Indo-European linguistic horizon
Supplies the reconstructed numeral and cross-branch descendants without asserting one archaeological point.
Root dekm̥ · broad070
NON-GENEALOGICAL CONNECTIONS
HISTORICAL CONTEXT, KEPT SEPARATE
No non-genealogical context link currently cites this source.
085
WORD-FAMILY REUSE
DOSSIERS THAT DEPEND ON THIS SOURCE
December6 CLAIM LINKS↗decimal7 CLAIM LINKS↗decimate7 CLAIM LINKS↗dime5 CLAIM LINKS↗ten8 CLAIM LINKS↗
10 entry-scoped citations map reviewed dossier paths onto the canonical claims above.