*SET-U

THE GLOBAL LANGUAGE GRAPH

FAMILY ATLAS ↗

THE GENEALOGY, NOT THE GLOSSARY

NODE → EDGE → FAMILY → HUMAN LANGUAGE

THE WHOLE GRAPH.
NO INVENTED BRIDGES.

Every reviewed historical form and relationship in one navigable system. Where evidence connects families, the graph connects them. Where it does not, the space between them remains visible.

1061CANONICAL NODES

Attested forms, reconstructions, and explicit limits.

1025REVIEWED EDGES

Every relationship carries two change claims and evidence.

54EVIDENCE FAMILIES

Disconnected components stay disconnected.

133* RECONSTRUCTIONS

Inferred forms remain visibly different from records.

1669EDGE CITATIONS

515 distinct sources attached to relationships.

11DEEPEST GRAPH PATH

Topological steps, not a fabricated universal timescale.

01

THE WHOLE REVIEWED GRAPH

25 CONNECTED FAMILIES.
29 HONEST ISLANDS.

02 / SELECTED EVIDENCE COMPONENT

*ḱeh₂d- + *ǵenh₁- + *h₂erh₁-

Feind · fēogan · fēond · fīant · fīēn · fiend · fiende · fijan · fijands · fīunt · fjá · fjándi · fjende · Hass · hassen · hata · hatan · hate · hatia · hatian · hatis · hatizōn · hatjan · hatōn · hatr · hatred · hazzōn · hete · heti · hettan · hetzen · hōti · kin · kind · kindred · king · vijand · κῆδος

ATTESTED* RECONSTRUCTEDBOUNDARYMODERN DOSSIERLATER FORM → EARLIER FORM
138MATCHING NODES
140MATCHING EDGES

The complete component remains visible. Filters emphasize matching evidence; they never amputate surrounding history.

LAYER 00LATERLAYER 01ROOTWARDLAYER 02ROOTWARDLAYER 03ROOTWARDLAYER 04ROOTWARDLAYER 05ROOTWARDLAYER 06ROOTWARDLAYER 07ROOTWARDLAYER 08ROOTWARDLAYER 09HORIZONATTESTEDGermanFeind

enemy, adversary, hostile power, enemy force, or determined opponent

FeindATTESTEDOld Englishfēogan

to hate or persecute

fēoganATTESTEDOld High Germanfīēn

to hate, not love, be hostile to, detest, or reject

fīēnATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishfiend

an enemy, evil spirit, or cruel and wicked person

fiendATTESTEDSwedishfiende

enemy or opponent; a hostile person, state, force, or figurative threat

fiendeATTESTEDGothicfijands

enemy; lexicalized masculine nd-stem agent noun

fijandsATTESTEDOld Dutchfīunt

enemy or opponent; one disputed gloss may denote the Devil

fīuntATTESTEDOld Norsefjá

to hate; in the reflexive, to hate someone

fjáATTESTEDOld Norsefjándi

enemy or opponent; devil, demon, evil spirit, pagan god, Satan, or a derogatory hated being or thing

fjándiATTESTEDDanishfjende

enemy or opponent; hostile person, state, force, ideology, animal, or figurative threat

fjendeATTESTEDGermanHass

intense aversion, rejection, or hostility toward a person, group, or institution

HassATTESTEDGermanhassen

to feel hatred toward someone; to feel strong aversion toward a person, thing, or action

hassenATTESTEDOld Norsehata

to persecute; reject or despise; humiliate; hate; damage or destroy in poetic use; become or remain hostile in reflexive constructions

hataATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishhate

as a noun, intense hostility, aversion, or an object of hostility; as a verb, feel enmity or strong aversion

hateATTESTEDOld Frisianhatia

to hate or reject; to damage; in feud-language, to harm or pursue as an enemy

hatiaATTESTEDGothichatizōn

to be angry with or at someone

hatizōnATTESTEDOld Saxonhatōn

to hate; in lexicographic description, also pursue

hatōnATTESTEDOld Norsehatr

hatred, enmity, spite; perhaps mockery or scorn in one uncertain context

hatrATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishhatred

intense animosity, hostility, extreme dislike, or hostile resentment

hatredATTESTEDOld High Germanhazzōn

to hate; in reported glosses, to emulate, follow, or pursue

hazzōnATTESTEDOld Saxonheti

hate, hostility, enmity, or persecution

hetiATTESTEDOld Englishhettan

a lexicographic weak-verb lemma associated with hating, attacking, or persecuting

hettanATTESTEDGermanhetzen

hunt or drive; hurry; incite or stir hostility

hetzenATTESTEDOld Saxonhōti

hostile, inimical, or enraged

hōtiATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishkin

a group of common ancestry; relatives; kindred

kinATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishkindred

relatives or a family group; of the same ancestry; related in origin, nature, or character

kindredATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishking

a monarch; by extension a preeminent person, game piece, card, or crowned checker

kingATTESTEDDutchvijand

enemy or opponent; a hostile person, group, force, or figurative threat

vijandATTESTEDGothicfian

j-less variant of fijan

ATTESTEDAncient Greekkêdos

source transliteration of κῆδος, not a separate Ancient Greek lexeme

ATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishkind of / kinda

a category expression reanalyzed as an approximator, hedge, downtoner, or pragmatic marker

ATTESTEDFinnishkuningas

king

ATTESTEDProto-West Germanickunni

kin or lineage form

ATTESTEDAncient Greekκᾶδος

Doric form of κῆδος in the care, grief, mourning, and affinity family

ATTESTEDOld Englishfēond

enemy, foe, devil; masculine noun

fēond · fiendATTESTEDGothicfijan

to hate or detest; direct an experience of hostility toward a stimulus

fijanATTESTEDGothichatis

hatred, anger, or wrath

hatis · hatizōnATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishkind

a nature or class; goods rather than money; natural, fitting, or benevolent

kindATTESTEDAncient Greekκῆδος

care, concern, anxiety, grief, trouble, mourning, funeral rites, object of care, or connection by marriage

κῆδος* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*hwōtja-

hostile or threatening

hōtiATTESTEDOld Norsefía

to hate

fjáATTESTEDOld Swedishfiande / fiände

enemy or opponent; also the Devil in recorded medieval use

fiendeATTESTEDOld Danishfiende

enemy

fjendeATTESTEDGermanHaß / hasz

hostile disposition, hatred, anger, or hostile action

HassATTESTEDEarly New High Germanhassen

to hate or strongly dislike

hassenATTESTEDOld Saxonhatan

to hate in the quoted enemy command; wider paradigm also glossed pursue

hatōnATTESTEDMiddle Englishhatrede / hatreden / hateredyn

hatred; the state or condition of hate

hatredATTESTEDEarly New High Germanhetzen / hessen / hittzen

hunt with dogs; drive; set people against one another

hetzenATTESTEDMiddle Englishkin / kyn / kun

race, people, tribe, family, relatives, ancestry, kind, or category

kinATTESTEDMiddle Englishking / kyng

king or monarch

kingATTESTEDMiddle Englishkinrede / kindrede

family, lineage, blood relations, kinship, nation, or related people

kindredATTESTEDMiddle High Germanvīant

enemy or adversary

FeindATTESTEDMiddle Dutchviant / vient

enemy or opponent; also the Devil, an evil spirit, or a monster in recorded contexts

vijandATTESTEDOld High Germanfīant

enemy; substantivized hating participant

Feind · fīantATTESTEDGothichatan

to hate; in a substantivized participle, an enemy or one who hates

hatanATTESTEDMiddle English-rede / -reden

a state, condition, quality, status, estimation, rule, or relation to X

* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*hwōtō

threat or reprimand

hōtiATTESTEDOld Englishcyning

king, ruler, or emperor

kingATTESTEDOld Englishcynræden / cynrēde

kinship; the condition or collective state associated with kin

kindredATTESTEDOld Dutchfīunt / fīant

enemy or opponent; one disputed record may denote the Devil

vijand · fīuntATTESTEDMiddle Englishhate

hate, extreme anger, hostility, or the lexical base of hatrede

hatred · hateATTESTEDMiddle High Germanhaʒ

hostility, hostile pursuit or action, anger in action, or measured rivalry

HassATTESTEDMiddle High Germanhaʒʒen

to hate, dislike, or act against with hostility

hassenATTESTEDMiddle High Germanhetzen / hatzen

drive dogs to hunt; pursue; incite people against someone

hetzenATTESTEDMiddle Englishkīnd(e)

natural, innate, fitting, proper, native, affectionate, loving, or benevolent

ATTESTEDMiddle Englishkīnde

essential nature, origin, family, species, class, sex, manner, or the created order

kindATTESTEDGothichatjan

to hate

hatjanATTESTEDOld Englishhete

hate, hatred, spite, envy, malice, hostility, or anger

hatred · heteATTESTEDOld English-ræden

condition, state, estimation, rule, or relation to the first compound element

* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*fi(j)and-

lexicalized enemy formation from the hate verb’s present participle

fijands · fēond · fiend +7* RECONSTRUCTEDOld High German*hezzen

a reconstructed weak verb meaning chase or persecute

hetzen* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*kuninga-

king; lineage-member title formation

king* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d-

to bore, drill, prick, or stab; in Germanic reflexes, sharpen, whet, or incite

hōtiATTESTEDOld Englishcynd / gecynd

nature, kind, manner, condition, origin, generation, offspring, or sex

kindATTESTEDOld Englishcynn

kindred, kind, race, nation, people, tribe, family, lineage, generation, or progeny

kin · kindredATTESTEDOld Englishgecynde

natural, native, innate, proper, fitting, or inherited by birth

ATTESTEDMiddle Englishhaten

to hate or treat with enmity

hateATTESTEDOld High Germanhaʒ

hostile disposition, resentment, enmity, suffering, or sorrow

HassATTESTEDOld High Germanhaʒʒēn / haʒʒōn

to hate; in reported glosses, to pursue or follow hostilely

hassen · hazzōnATTESTEDOld Englishhatian

to hate, treat as an enemy, persecute, or in a cited context pursue

hate · hatian* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*-inga- / *-unga-

person associated with or belonging to a lineage

* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*fi(j)ēn-

a reconstructed verb meaning hate or be hostile toward

fijan · fijands · fēond +11* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*kundiz

natural, native, or fitting

* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*kundjaz

origin, birth, family, race, or kind

kind* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*kunja-

lineage, family, kin, descent, or people

king · kin · kindred* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*rēdan

condition or arrangement family also associated with counsel

* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan

reconstructed class-III or related weak verbs meaning hate

hatan · hassen · hata +3* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*xatjanan

a reconstructed Germanic weak verb represented by Gothic hatjan, Old English hettan, and Middle High German hetzen

hettan · hetzen · hatjanKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor, uniquely recoverable original meaning, or single reconciled route is currently known.

hōti* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*gn̥ə-t-

born or produced; a birth-, nature-, or kind-forming derivative

kind* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*gn̥ə-yo-

generation, lineage, or kin formation

king · kin · kindred* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*hatōjan-

to hate or treat with enmity

hate · hatian* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*peh₁-

a proposed base associated with harm, blame, suffering, or hate

fijan · fijands · fēond +11* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*rē-dh-

a suffixed formation behind condition, counsel, and related Germanic derivatives

KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper unique ancestor of this suffix is promoted from the reviewed source set.

* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*ǵenh₁-

give birth; beget; produce, with derivatives for family and tribal groups

king · kin · kind +1* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*h₂erh₁-

fit together

* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*hatiz-

hate, anger, enmity, spite, or hostility

hatred · hate · hete +15KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

fijanKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

fijandsKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

fēondKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

fēoganKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

fiendKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

FeindKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reconstructed earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original semantic scene is known.

vijandKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reconstructed earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original semantic scene is known.

fiendeKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reconstructed earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original semantic scene is known.

fīantKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reconstructed earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original semantic scene is known.

fjándiKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reconstructed earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original semantic scene is known.

fjendeKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reconstructed earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original semantic scene is known.

fīēnKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reconstructed earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original semantic scene is known.

fjáKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reconstructed earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original semantic scene is known.

fīunt* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*ḱh₂d-es-

a proposed formation connecting grief, pain, care, mourning, and hatred words

hatred · hate · hete +16KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the reviewed *ǵenh₁- root.

kingKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the reviewed *ǵenh₁- root.

kinKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the reviewed *ǵenh₁- root.

kindKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the reviewed *ǵenh₁- root on the kin branch.

kindredKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond *h₂erh₁- on the condition branch.

* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*ḱeh₂d-

a proposed base glossed with grief, pain, and hatred

hatred · hate · hete +16KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted ancestor or original concrete meaning is currently known beyond the reviewed Germanic family.

hatredKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known beyond the Germanic hate family.

hateKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known beyond the Germanic hate family.

heteKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known beyond the Germanic hate family.

hatianKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known beyond the Germanic hate family.

hettanKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original scene is known.

hetzenKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

hatjanKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

hatisKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

hatanKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

HassKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

hatrKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

hassenKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

hataKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

hatiaKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

hatizōnKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

hazzōnKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

hatōnKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted earlier ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is known.

hetiKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely accepted older ancestor or uniquely recoverable original meaning is currently known.

κῆδος
EDGECHILD → PARENTRELATION / SCHOLARCONFIDENCEEVIDENCE
1044king → king / kyng

historical continuationMerriam-Webster Editors · Middle English Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1045king / kyng → cyning

inheritanceMiddle English Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1046cyning → *kuninga-

inheritanceAnnah Moon · Rosemarie Lühr

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1047*kuninga- → *kunja-

derivationRosemarie Lühr · Marcello Meli

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1048*kunja- → *gn̥ə-yo-

inheritanceCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Rosemarie Lühr

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1049*gn̥ə-yo- → *ǵenh₁-

derivationCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Rosemarie Lühr

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1050*ǵenh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1051*kuninga- → *-inga- / *-unga-

derivational componentRosemarie Lühr

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗1052*-inga- / *-unga- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1053kuningas → *kuninga-

borrowingRosemarie Lühr · Charles Barber · Joan C. Beal · Philip A. Shaw

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1054kin → kin / kyn / kun

historical continuationMerriam-Webster Editors · Middle English Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1055kin / kyn / kun → cynn

inheritanceMiddle English Dictionary Editors · Joseph Bosworth · T. Northcote Toller

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1056cynn → *kunja-

inheritanceElżbieta Adamczyk · R. D. Fulk · Rosemarie Lühr

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1059*ǵenh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1060kunni → *kunja-

inheritanceR. D. Fulk · Elżbieta Adamczyk

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1061kind → kīnde

historical continuationMerriam-Webster Editors · Middle English Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1062kīnde → cynd / gecynd

inheritanceMiddle English Dictionary Editors · Joseph Bosworth · T. Northcote Toller

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1063cynd / gecynd → *kundjaz

inheritanceCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Bosworth–Toller Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1064*kundjaz → *gn̥ə-t-

comparative derivationCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Rosemarie Lühr

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗1065*gn̥ə-t- → *ǵenh₁-

derivationCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗1066*ǵenh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1067kind → kīnd(e)

historical continuationMerriam-Webster Editors · Middle English Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1068kīnd(e) → gecynde

inheritanceMiddle English Dictionary Editors · Bosworth–Toller Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1069gecynde → *kundiz

inheritanceCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Bosworth–Toller Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1070*kundiz → *gn̥ə-t-

comparative derivationCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Rosemarie Lühr

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗1071kind of / kinda → kind

grammaticalizationLucía Loureiro-Porto

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗1072kindred → kinrede / kindrede

historical continuationElizabeth Closs Traugott · Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1073kinrede / kindrede → cynræden / cynrēde

inheritanceMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Middle English Dictionary Editors

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1074cynræden / cynrēde → cynn

compound componentMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Elizabeth Closs Traugott

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1078*ǵenh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1079cynræden / cynrēde → -ræden

compound componentElizabeth Closs Traugott · Merriam-Webster Editors · Middle English Dictionary Editors

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1080-ræden → *rēdan

inheritanceAmerican Heritage Dictionary Editors · Merriam-Webster Editors

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗1081*rēdan → *rē-dh-

comparative derivationCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗1082*rē-dh- → *h₂erh₁-

derivationCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗1083*h₂erh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1084hatred → hatrede / hatreden / hateredyn

historical continuationMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Anatoly Liberman

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1085hatrede / hatreden / hateredyn → hate

compound componentMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1086hate → hete

lexical continuationMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗1087hete → *hatiz-

inheritanceMerriam-Webster Editors · Anatoly Liberman

established4 citations / 4 sources ↗1088*hatiz- → *ḱh₂d-es-

comparative derivationMerriam-Webster Editors · Anatoly Liberman

probable4 citations / 4 sources ↗1089*ḱh₂d-es- → *ḱeh₂d-

derivationMerriam-Webster Editors

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗1090*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1091hatrede / hatreden / hateredyn → -rede / -reden

compound componentMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Elizabeth Closs Traugott

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1092-rede / -reden → -ræden

inheritanceMiddle English Dictionary Editors · Elizabeth Closs Traugott · Merriam-Webster Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1093hate → haten

derivationMerriam-Webster Editors

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗1094haten → hatian

inheritanceMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Anatoly Liberman

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1095hatian → *hatōjan-

inheritanceMerriam-Webster Editors · Anatoly Liberman

established4 citations / 4 sources ↗1096*hatōjan- → *hatiz-

derivationMerriam-Webster Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1097hate → hate

historical continuationMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1104*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1108*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1113*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1114hettan → *xatjanan

inheritanceVladimir Orel · Chr. Peeters · Marta Tío Sáenz

probable4 citations / 4 sources ↗1115*xatjanan → *hatiz-

derivationVladimir Orel · Merriam-Webster Editors

probable4 citations / 4 sources ↗1118*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1119hetzen → hetzen / hessen / hittzen

historical continuationDudenredaktion · Oskar Reichmann et al.

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1120hetzen / hessen / hittzen → hetzen / hatzen

historical continuationThomas Plate · Oskar Reichmann et al. · Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1121hetzen / hatzen → *hezzen

historical reconstructionChristopher Gordon Bailey · Friedrich Kluge · Dudenredaktion

probable3 citations / 3 sources ↗1122*hezzen → *xatjanan

inheritanceChristopher Gordon Bailey · Vladimir Orel

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗1126*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1127hatjan → *xatjanan

inheritanceVladimir Orel · Wilhelm Braune · Project Wulfila editors

probable5 citations / 5 sources ↗1131*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1132hatis → *hatiz-

inheritanceR. D. Fulk · John T. Koch · Project Wulfila editors

probable4 citations / 4 sources ↗1135*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1136hatan → *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan

competing inheritanceVladimir Orel · Project Wulfila editors

proposed5 citations / 5 sources ↗1137*xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan → *hatiz-

derivationVladimir Orel · Merriam-Webster Editors

probable3 citations / 3 sources ↗1140*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1141hatan → hatjan

analogical influenceAlbert Morey Sturtevant · Wilhelm Braune

proposed2 citations / 2 sources ↗1142fijan → *fi(j)ēn-

inheritanceGuus Kroonen · Daniel Ayora Estevan · Project Wulfila editors

probable6 citations / 6 sources ↗1143*fi(j)ēn- → *peh₁-

competing comparative derivationGuus Kroonen

proposed4 citations / 4 sources ↗1144*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1145fian → fijan

orthographic variantAlbert Morey Sturtevant · Project Wulfila editors

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗1146fijands → *fi(j)and-

inheritanceGuus Kroonen · Daniel Ayora Estevan

probable3 citations / 3 sources ↗1147*fi(j)and- → *fi(j)ēn-

lexicalized participleDaniel Ayora Estevan · Guus Kroonen

probable14 citations / 14 sources ↗1148fijan → hatan

translation overlapProject Wulfila editors · Albert Morey Sturtevant

probable3 citations / 3 sources ↗1152*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1153fiend → fēond

inheritanceBosworth–Toller editors

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1154fēond → *fi(j)and-

inheritanceDaniel Ayora Estevan · Bosworth–Toller editors

probable3 citations / 3 sources ↗1158*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1159fēogan → *fi(j)ēn-

inheritanceJoseph Bosworth · Thomas Northcote Toller · Guus Kroonen

probable3 citations / 3 sources ↗1161*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1166*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1167Feind → vīant

historical continuationDudenredaktion · Wolfgang Pfeifer

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1168vīant → fīant

historical continuationDudenredaktion · Wolfgang Pfeifer · Jacob Grimm

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1169fīant → *fi(j)and-

inheritanceDaniel Ayora Estevan · Guus Kroonen · Wolfgang Pfeifer

probable7 citations / 7 sources ↗1172*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen · Jacob Grimm

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1173Hass → Haß / hasz

orthographic standardizationDudenredaktion

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗1174Haß / hasz → haʒ

historical continuationDudenredaktion · Wolfgang Pfeifer · Jacob Grimm

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1175haʒ → haʒ

historical continuationDudenredaktion · Wolfgang Pfeifer · Jacob Grimm

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1176haʒ → *hatiz-

inheritanceWolfgang Pfeifer · Jacob Grimm · John T. Koch

probable4 citations / 4 sources ↗1179*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman · Jacob Grimm

boundary3 citations / 3 sources ↗1180hatr → *hatiz-

inheritanceDictionary of Old Norse Prose editors · Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon · John T. Koch

probable4 citations / 4 sources ↗1183*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1184hassen → hassen

historical continuationDudenredaktion · Wolfgang Pfeifer · Jacob Grimm

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1185hassen → haʒʒen

historical continuationDudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm · Matthias Lexer

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1186haʒʒen → haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn

historical continuationDudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm · Georg Friedrich Benecke · Wilhelm Müller · Friedrich Zarncke

established4 citations / 4 sources ↗1187haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn → *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan

inheritanceVladimir Orel · Dudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm

probable4 citations / 4 sources ↗1191*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman · Jacob Grimm

boundary3 citations / 3 sources ↗1192vijand → viant / vient

historical continuationMarlies Philippa · Frans Debrabandere · WNT editorial team

established4 citations / 4 sources ↗1193viant / vient → fīunt / fīant

historical continuationONW editorial team · VMNW editorial team · Marlies Philippa · Frans Debrabandere

established4 citations / 4 sources ↗1194fīunt / fīant → *fi(j)and-

inheritanceGuus Kroonen · Marlies Philippa · Arend Quak · ONW editorial team

probable4 citations / 4 sources ↗1197*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1198fiende → fiande / fiände

historical continuationSvenska Akademiens ordboksredaktion

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1199fiande / fiände → *fi(j)and-

inheritanceSvenska Akademiens ordboksredaktion · Elof Hellquist · Guus Kroonen

probable4 citations / 4 sources ↗1202*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1206*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1207fjándi → *fi(j)and-

inheritanceRichard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon · Daniel Ayora Estevan · Guus Kroonen

probable5 citations / 5 sources ↗1210*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1211fjende → fiende

historical continuationDen Danske Ordbogs redaktion · ODS editorial team · Aage Hansen · Sv. Eegholm-Pedersen

probable3 citations / 3 sources ↗1212fiende → *fi(j)and-

inheritanceDen Danske Ordbogs redaktion · ODS editorial team · Daniel Ayora Estevan · Guus Kroonen

probable5 citations / 5 sources ↗1215*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1216fīēn → *fi(j)ēn-

inheritanceAlthochdeutsches Wörterbuch editorial team · Guus Kroonen

probable4 citations / 4 sources ↗1218*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1219fjá → fía

historical surface developmentGeir T. Zoëga · Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗1220fía → *fi(j)ēn-

inheritanceDictionary of Old Norse Prose editors · Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon · Guus Kroonen

probable5 citations / 5 sources ↗1222*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1223hata → *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan

inheritanceVladimir Orel · Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors · Johan Fritzner

probable4 citations / 4 sources ↗1227*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1228hatia → *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan

inheritanceVladimir Orel · Dietrich Hofmann · Anne Tjerk Popkema · Corpus Oudfries editors

probable4 citations / 4 sources ↗1232*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1237hatizōn → hatis

derivationTodd B. Krause · Jonathan Slocum · Joseph Wright · Wilhelm Streitberg · Project Wulfila editors

established5 citations / 5 sources ↗1241*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1242hazzōn → haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn

paradigm variantDudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm · Starling editors · University of Texas Linguistics Research Center · Mirjam Marti Heinzle

probable5 citations / 5 sources ↗1247*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman · Jacob Grimm

boundary3 citations / 3 sources ↗1248fīunt → fīunt / fīant

paradigm variantInstituut voor de Nederlandse Taal editorial team · Marlies Philippa · Frans Debrabandere · Arend Quak

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1252*peh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Guus Kroonen

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1253hatōn → hatan

orthographic variantGerhard Köbler · University of Texas Linguistics Research Center · SET-U manuscript review

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1254hatan → *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan

competing inheritanceVladimir Orel · Gerhard Köbler · University of Texas Linguistics Research Center

proposed3 citations / 3 sources ↗1258*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1259heti → *hatiz-

inheritanceR. D. Fulk · Gerhard Köbler · Wolfgang Pfeifer · Linguistics Research Center editors

probable5 citations / 5 sources ↗1262*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1263hōti → *hwōtja-

competing inheritanceGerhard Köbler

proposed2 citations / 2 sources ↗1264*hwōtja- → *hwōtō

derivationGerhard Köbler

proposed1 citations / 1 sources ↗1265*hwōtō → *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d-

comparative derivationGerhard Köbler · Linguistics Research Center editors

proposed2 citations / 2 sources ↗1266*kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Linguistics Research Center editors

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1267hōti → *hatiz-

competing inheritanceLinguistics Research Center editors · SET-U cross-source review

proposed2 citations / 2 sources ↗1268κῆδος → *ḱh₂d-es-

proposed inheritanceMerriam-Webster Editors · John T. Koch · Linguistics Research Center editors

proposed5 citations / 5 sources ↗1270*ḱeh₂d- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Anatoly Liberman

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗1271kêdos → κῆδος

editorial transliterationMerriam-Webster Editors · Scaife ATLAS editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1272κᾶδος → κῆδος

dialectal variantLiddell · Scott · Jones

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗
03

HOW TO READ THE MAP

CONNECTION IS A CLAIM.

01COMPONENTS

A family exists only when reviewed canonical edges connect its nodes. Empty space means the evidence is still disconnected.

02LAYERS

Left-to-right depth is topological descent through claims, not a universal calendar or an assertion of equal duration.

03NODES

Language, form, status, gloss, dossier reuse, and a permanent node record travel together.

04EDGES

Every line resolves to a relationship record with sound change, semantic change, scholar, confidence, and citations.

05ASTERISKS

Every reconstructed form keeps its asterisk. Attested and inferred evidence never share one visual state.

06HORIZONS

Boundary nodes are not ancestors. They say exactly where this reviewed path currently stops.