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CANONICAL LANGUAGE GRAPH

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NODE / 1123reconstructedProto-Germanic

*xatjanan

TRANSLITERATION *xatjanan

a reconstructed Germanic weak verb represented by Gothic hatjan, Old English hettan, and Middle High German hetzen

DATE
Proto-Germanic
SENSE
hate jan verb formation
FAMILY
Indo-European / Germanic
CANONICAL KEY
node:5:xatjanan:reconstructed:sense:hate-jan-verb-formation

Orel’s x represents the Germanic fricative conventionally rendered h in other notations. The exact word-form is reconstructed, not recorded.

*

This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.

01

ANCESTRAL EDGES

ROOT OF THIS ROOT

1
GO DEEPERderivationprobable
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic · hate anger germanic i stem

*hatiz-

hate, anger, enmity, spite, or hostility

SOUND
Orel derives *xatjanan from the Germanic hate-noun base he writes *xataz ~ *xatez; the graph crosswalks that base to its already reviewed *hatiz- representation.
MEANING
A noun for hate or enmity supplies a weak verb whose attested relatives range from hate to pursuit.
CHRONOLOGY
Related Proto-Germanic reconstructed formations.
SCHOLAR
Vladimir Orel · Merriam-Webster Editors
CONFIDENCE
probable — The derivational analysis is published; the exact reconstruction notation differs between sources and is therefore not flattened into false certainty.
Hate — definition, etymology, and first known usecontextNoun etymology: Germanic *hatiz-

Supplies the atlas’s alternative representation of the corresponding Germanic noun base.

ORIGINAL ↗
A Handbook of Germanic Etymology — *xataz, *xatjanan, and *xatōjanansupportsp. 203, *xatjanan derived from *xataz ~ *xatez

Publishes the Germanic derivation.

ORIGINAL ↗
hetzen — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, HerkunftsupportsHerkunft

Describes the verb as a causative to hassen: “make hate, bring to pursue.”

ORIGINAL ↗
An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language — hetzencontextp. 146, hetzen; compare Haß

Places hetzen beside the hate noun in the older etymological tradition.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 1115 ↗
02

DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES

THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP

3
DESCENDANTinheritanceprobable
Old English · Old English · hate persecute verb

hettan

a lexicographic weak-verb lemma associated with hating, attacking, or persecuting

SOUND
The j-conditioned Germanic stem accounts for Old English fronting of a to e and the geminate spelling in hettan; the displayed infinitive is a normalized lemma rather than a quoted corpus token.
MEANING
The compared Germanic verb family ranges across hate, pursuit, attack, and persecution, but the priority of those senses is unresolved.
CHRONOLOGY
Proto-Germanic reconstruction into Old English lexical and textual evidence.
SCHOLAR
Vladimir Orel · Chr. Peeters · Marta Tío Sáenz
CONFIDENCE
probable — The formal Germanic comparison is strong, but the located Old English verbal inventory supplies only hettende and dictionaries disagree on its lemma assignment.
A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — hete and related entrieschallengeshettende, present participle of hatian

Assigns the same surface form to the sibling lemma hatian rather than hettan.

ORIGINAL ↗
A Handbook of Germanic Etymology — *xataz, *xatjanan, and *xatōjanansupportsp. 203, *xatjanan: Gothic hatjan, Old English hettan, Middle High German hetzen

Publishes the comparative weak verb and the three branch forms.

ORIGINAL ↗
HETTAN; HETTEND — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary HcontextHETTAN cross-reference and HETTEND entry

Recognizes the lemma while routing the surviving forms through the enemy entry.

ORIGINAL ↗
The Lemmatisation of Old English Weak Verbs on a Relational Databasesupportsp. 255, hettan: hettende

The full-corpus lemmatisation inventory assigns the one located form to hettan.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 1114 ↗
DESCENDANTinheritanceprobable
Old High German · reconstructed Old High German bridge · reconstructed old high german hetzen

*hezzen

a reconstructed weak verb meaning chase or persecute

SOUND
The j-suffix conditions West Germanic fronting and consonant development; High German sound change and later reduction yield the projected *hezzen shape.
MEANING
A Germanic factitive or action verb associated with hostility is continued as chase, pursuit, or persecution in the High German branch.
CHRONOLOGY
Proto-Germanic reconstruction into a projected Old High German stage.
SCHOLAR
Christopher Gordon Bailey · Vladimir Orel
CONFIDENCE
probable — The Germanic comparison is published, but the intermediate Old High German form is reconstructed and its exact morphology varies by source.
A Handbook of Germanic Etymology — *xataz, *xatjanan, and *xatōjanansupportsp. 203, *xatjanan

Publishes Gothic hatjan, Old English hettan, and Middle High German hetzen under one reconstructed verb.

ORIGINAL ↗
The Etymology of the Old High German Weak Verbsupportsvol. 1, data entry “*hezzen”

Reconstructs a Germanic *hatijanan from the comparative verb set.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 1122 ↗
DESCENDANTinheritanceprobable
Gothic · Gothic biblical tradition · hate class one verb

hatjan

to hate

SOUND
The class-I -j- morphology visible in hatjandam supports the normalized infinitive hatjan and corresponds to the reconstructed *-jan- formation; Gothic h continues the Germanic fricative written x in Orel’s notation.
MEANING
The surviving Gothic clause means hate. The pursuit sense of Middle High German hetzen is a daughter-branch development and is not projected back as the only Gothic meaning.
CHRONOLOGY
Proto-Germanic reconstruction into the fourth-century Gothic translation tradition and early-sixth-century manuscript.
SCHOLAR
Vladimir Orel · Wilhelm Braune · Project Wulfila editors
CONFIDENCE
probable — The Gothic lexeme and participial morphology are manuscript-attested; the Proto-Germanic parent and the exact relationship to class-III hatan are reconstructed and disputed.
A Handbook of Germanic Etymology — *xataz, *xatjanan, and *xatōjanansupportsp. 203, *xatjanan: Gothic hatjan, Old English hettan, Middle High German hetzen

Publishes the comparative class-I weak verb and its branch forms.

ORIGINAL ↗
Lemma hatjan — Gothic dictionary and occurrence inventorysupportsLemma hatjan, class sw.V.1-j and verified occurrence list

Identifies the Gothic lexeme, its inflection class, and its single verified token.

ORIGINAL ↗
Gothic Bible word analysis — Matthew 5:44, hatjandamsupportsMatthew 5:44, token hatjandam

Analyzes the written participle as weak masculine dative plural under hatjan.

ORIGINAL ↗
A Gothic Grammar with Selections for Reading and a Glossary — hatan and hatjancontext§193 note and glossary p. 170, hatjan

Treats hatjan as the class-I shape of a verb fluctuating with class-III hatan and derives it from the hatis stem.

ORIGINAL ↗
Grammar of the Gothic Language — glossary entries hatan, hatis, hatizōn, and hatjancontextGlossary p. 326, hatan and hatjan

Lists the class-III and class-I verbs separately under the same modern gloss.

ORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 1127 ↗
03

TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

9

This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.

UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
9
REVIEWED EDGES
9
DEEPEST PATH
4
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
5
fijan1 connected nodehatan1 connected nodehatjan1 connected nodehettan1 connected nodehetzen4 connected nodes
HISTORICAL STEP 013 EDGES
STEP 01inheritanceprobable
Proto-Germanic*xatjanan→Old English · Old Englishhettana lexicographic weak-verb lemma associated with hating, attacking, or persecuting
SOUND
The j-conditioned Germanic stem accounts for Old English fronting of a to e and the geminate spelling in hettan; the displayed infinitive is a normalized lemma rather than a quoted corpus token.
MEANING
The compared Germanic verb family ranges across hate, pursuit, attack, and persecution, but the priority of those senses is unresolved.
Vladimir Orel · Chr. Peeters · Marta Tío Sáenz4 CITATIONSEDGE 1114 ↗
A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary — hete and related entries · hettende, present participle of hatian ↗A Handbook of Germanic Etymology — *xataz, *xatjanan, and *xatōjanan · p. 203, *xatjanan: Gothic hatjan, Old English hettan, Middle High German hetzen ↗HETTAN; HETTEND — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary H · HETTAN cross-reference and HETTEND entry ↗The Lemmatisation of Old English Weak Verbs on a Relational Database · p. 255, hettan: hettende ↗
STEP 01inheritanceprobable
Proto-Germanic*xatjanan→Old High German · reconstructed Old High German bridge*hezzena reconstructed weak verb meaning chase or persecute
SOUND
The j-suffix conditions West Germanic fronting and consonant development; High German sound change and later reduction yield the projected *hezzen shape.
MEANING
A Germanic factitive or action verb associated with hostility is continued as chase, pursuit, or persecution in the High German branch.
Christopher Gordon Bailey · Vladimir Orel2 CITATIONSEDGE 1122 ↗
A Handbook of Germanic Etymology — *xataz, *xatjanan, and *xatōjanan · p. 203, *xatjanan ↗The Etymology of the Old High German Weak Verb · vol. 1, data entry “*hezzen” ↗
STEP 01inheritanceprobable
Proto-Germanic*xatjanan→Gothic · Gothic biblical traditionhatjanto hate
SOUND
The class-I -j- morphology visible in hatjandam supports the normalized infinitive hatjan and corresponds to the reconstructed *-jan- formation; Gothic h continues the Germanic fricative written x in Orel’s notation.
MEANING
The surviving Gothic clause means hate. The pursuit sense of Middle High German hetzen is a daughter-branch development and is not projected back as the only Gothic meaning.
Vladimir Orel · Wilhelm Braune · Project Wulfila editors5 CITATIONSEDGE 1127 ↗
A Handbook of Germanic Etymology — *xataz, *xatjanan, and *xatōjanan · p. 203, *xatjanan: Gothic hatjan, Old English hettan, Middle High German hetzen ↗Lemma hatjan — Gothic dictionary and occurrence inventory · Lemma hatjan, class sw.V.1-j and verified occurrence list ↗Gothic Bible word analysis — Matthew 5:44, hatjandam · Matthew 5:44, token hatjandam ↗A Gothic Grammar with Selections for Reading and a Glossary — hatan and hatjan · §193 note and glossary p. 170, hatjan ↗Grammar of the Gothic Language — glossary entries hatan, hatis, hatizōn, and hatjan · Glossary p. 326, hatan and hatjan ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 022 EDGES
STEP 02historical reconstructionprobable
Old High German*hezzen→Middle High German · Middle High Germanhetzen / hatzendrive dogs to hunt; pursue; incite people against someone
SOUND
The Middle High German verb is projected back to an Old High German weak-verb bridge; the a > e fronting and z spelling are compatible with a j-conditioned High German formation, but the exact written OHG form is disputed.
MEANING
The reconstructed bridge carries the chase or persecution value inferred from later German and comparative forms.
Christopher Gordon Bailey · Friedrich Kluge · Dudenredaktion3 CITATIONSEDGE 1121 ↗
hetzen — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft · Herkunft ↗The Etymology of the Old High German Weak Verb · vol. 1, data entry “*hezzen” ↗An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language — hetzen · p. 146, hetzen ↗
STEP 02analogical influenceproposed
Gothichatjan→Gothic · Gothic biblical traditionhatanto hate; in a substantivized participle, an enemy or one who hates
SOUND
Sturtevant analyzes hatan beside hatjan through a specifically Gothic secondary association with the fijan/fian pattern; Braune independently records fluctuation between class III and class I.
MEANING
The two Gothic hate paradigms overlap semantically and morphologically without proving that every construction or sense was identical.
Albert Morey Sturtevant · Wilhelm Braune2 CITATIONSEDGE 1141 ↗
A Gothic Grammar with Selections for Reading and a Glossary — hatan and hatjan · §193 note: hatan fluctuates between class III and class I hatjan ↗Notes on Gothic Forms — Hatan : hatjan “to hate” · p. 452, Hatan : hatjan “to hate” ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 032 EDGES
STEP 03historical continuationestablished
Middle High Germanhetzen / hatzen→Early New High German · Early New High Germanhetzen / hessen / hittzenhunt with dogs; drive; set people against one another
SOUND
Middle High German hetzen and hatzen continue into Early New High German with regional vowel and spelling variation.
MEANING
Driving dogs after quarry extends to urging, provoking, and setting people against other people.
Thomas Plate · Oskar Reichmann et al. · Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften3 CITATIONSEDGE 1120 ↗
Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch — hetzen · hetzen, sense 1 and transferred human-target examples ↗Frühneuhochdeutsches Wörterbuch — hetzen · Belegblock, senses 2–3 ↗Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch — hetzen, hessen · hetzen, hessen, hunting senses I–II ↗
STEP 03translation overlapprobable
Gothichatan→Gothic · Gothic textual traditionfijanto hate or detest; direct an experience of hostility toward a stimulus
SOUND
No sound descent is claimed. The edge records two distinct Gothic class-III verbs used in overlapping translation constructions.
MEANING
Across Luke 1:71 and 6:27, fijan and hatan exchange the roles enemies and those hating.
Project Wulfila editors · Albert Morey Sturtevant3 CITATIONSEDGE 1148 ↗
Gothic Bible word analysis — Luke 6:27, hatandans · Luke 6:27, hatandans for enemies and fijandam for those hating ↗Gothic Bible word analysis — Luke 1:71, hatandane · Luke 1:71, fijandam for enemies and hatandane for those hating ↗Notes on Gothic Forms — Hatan : hatjan “to hate” · p. 452, semantic association of fijan and hatan ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 042 EDGES
STEP 04historical continuationestablished
Early New High Germanhetzen / hessen / hittzen→German · Modern Germanhetzenhunt or drive; hurry; incite or stir hostility
SOUND
Regional Early New High German spellings converge on standard hetzen; inflection and pronunciation continue to develop while the lexical stem remains recognizable.
MEANING
The inherited chase and incitement senses continue, while reflexive and intransitive hurry uses become prominent in modern German.
Dudenredaktion · Oskar Reichmann et al.2 CITATIONSEDGE 1119 ↗
hetzen — Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft · Meaning groups 1–3 and Herkunft ↗Frühneuhochdeutsches Wörterbuch — hetzen · Sense groups 1–3 and cited Early New High German records ↗
STEP 04orthographic variantprobable
Gothicfijan→Gothic · Gothic historical-dictionary normalizationfianj-less variant of fijan
SOUND
Written Gothic loses j in some fijan forms before a vowel; the historical lemma fian normalizes that j-less surface pattern.
MEANING
No lexical split is established: both shapes remain one hate verb.
Albert Morey Sturtevant · Project Wulfila editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 1145 ↗
Notes on Gothic Forms — Hatan : hatjan “to hate” · pp. 451–452, loss of j in fijan : fian ↗Lemma fian — redirect and historical dictionary variant · Lemma fian redirects to fijan ↗

“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

04

RECORDED EVIDENCE

ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE

0
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.

That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.

05

EDITORIAL REUSE

WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE

3
02hatjan*xatjanan · established02hettan*xatjanan · established05hetzen*xatjanan · established