*SET-U

CANONICAL LANGUAGE GRAPH

TRACE A WORD ↗
NODE / 1094reconstructedProto-Germanic

*hatiz-

TRANSLITERATION *hatiz-

hate, anger, enmity, spite, or hostility

DATE
Proto-Germanic
SENSE
hate anger germanic i stem
FAMILY
Indo-European / Germanic
CANONICAL KEY
node:5:hatiz:reconstructed:sense:hate-anger-germanic-i-stem

Merriam-Webster reconstructs the Germanic i-stem and aligns Old English hete with Old Saxon heti, Old Norse hatr, and Gothic hatis.

*

This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.

01

ANCESTRAL EDGES

ROOT OF THIS ROOT

1
GO DEEPERcomparative derivationprobable
Proto-Indo-European · proposed Proto-Indo-European formation · grief pain hatred formation

*ḱh₂d-es-

a proposed formation connecting grief, pain, care, mourning, and hatred words

SOUND
Under the proposed comparison, Grimm’s Law maps Indo-European *ḱ to Germanic h and *d to Germanic t, while the suffixal formation is remodeled as the Germanic i-stem.
MEANING
A proposed grief, pain, care, or hatred formation narrows or develops into the Germanic hate and enmity family.
CHRONOLOGY
Proto-Indo-European proposal to Proto-Germanic reconstruction.
SCHOLAR
Merriam-Webster Editors · Anatoly Liberman
CONFIDENCE
probable — Merriam-Webster says “perhaps” and calls the semantic relations far from transparent; Liberman argues that several proposed non-Germanic cognates may not belong together.
02

DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES

THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP

9
DESCENDANTinheritanceestablished
Old English · Old English · hate anger hostility noun

hete

hate, hatred, spite, envy, malice, hostility, or anger

SOUND
The Germanic i-stem *hatiz- yields Old English hete; the exact intermediate West Germanic paradigm is not independently promoted here.
MEANING
The Germanic hate, anger, enmity, and spite field continues in the Old English noun.
CHRONOLOGY
Proto-Germanic reconstruction into attested Old English.
SCHOLAR
Merriam-Webster Editors · Anatoly Liberman
CONFIDENCE
established — Merriam-Webster directly aligns the i-stem with Old English hete; Liberman supplies the Germanic cognate set.
DESCENDANTderivationestablished
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic · hate verb formation

*hatōjan-

to hate or treat with enmity

SOUND
The Germanic weak verb *hatōjan- is derived from the base of the hate noun *hatiz-.
MEANING
A noun for hate or enmity supplies the related verb to hate or treat as an enemy.
CHRONOLOGY
Related Proto-Germanic reconstructed formations.
SCHOLAR
Merriam-Webster Editors
CONFIDENCE
established — Merriam-Webster explicitly derives the verb formation from the noun base.
DESCENDANTderivationprobable
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic · hate jan verb formation

*xatjanan

a reconstructed Germanic weak verb represented by Gothic hatjan, Old English hettan, and Middle High German hetzen

SOUND
Orel derives *xatjanan from the Germanic hate-noun base he writes *xataz ~ *xatez; the graph crosswalks that base to its already reviewed *hatiz- representation.
MEANING
A noun for hate or enmity supplies a weak verb whose attested relatives range from hate to pursuit.
CHRONOLOGY
Related Proto-Germanic reconstructed formations.
SCHOLAR
Vladimir Orel · Merriam-Webster Editors
CONFIDENCE
probable — The derivational analysis is published; the exact reconstruction notation differs between sources and is therefore not flattened into false certainty.
DESCENDANTinheritanceprobable
Gothic · Gothic textual tradition · wrath hatred gothic noun

hatis

hatred, anger, or wrath

SOUND
Proto-Germanic *hatiz- is represented by Gothic hatis word-finally and by the stem hatiz- before a vowel-initial ending, visible in hatiza. Gothic then regularizes the inherited i-stem into neuter a-stem inflection.
MEANING
The inherited anger or hostility noun becomes the Gothic translation choice for Greek wrath vocabulary. That contextual specialization does not prove the noun lacked hatred senses elsewhere.
CHRONOLOGY
Proto-Germanic reconstruction into the fourth-century Gothic translation tradition and surviving sixth-century manuscripts.
SCHOLAR
R. D. Fulk · John T. Koch · Project Wulfila editors
CONFIDENCE
probable — The Gothic forms and paradigm alternation are attested; the Proto-Germanic parent and the direction of prehistoric remodeling are comparative analyses.
DESCENDANTderivationprobable
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic reconstruction alternatives · hate class three reconstruction

*xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan

reconstructed class-III or related weak verbs meaning hate

SOUND
Orel groups the weak-verb reconstruction with the Germanic hate-noun base he represents as *xataz ~ *xatez; the graph crosswalks that base to its reviewed *hatiz- node.
MEANING
A noun family for hate or enmity supplies or associates with weak verbs whose daughter branches express hating, hostility, pursuit, and anger.
CHRONOLOGY
Related Proto-Germanic reconstructed formations rather than independently dated words.
SCHOLAR
Vladimir Orel · Merriam-Webster Editors
CONFIDENCE
probable — The lexical family is secure, but the exact formation of class-III hatan and the direction of any specifically Gothic remodeling remain disputed.
DESCENDANTinheritanceprobable
Old High German · Old High German, reported from the eighth century · hostile disposition old high german

haʒ

hostile disposition, resentment, enmity, suffering, or sorrow

SOUND
Under the comparative analysis, Germanic t develops into the Old High German sibilant written ʒ through the High German consonant shift, while i-stem morphology and gender are remodeled in the High German branch.
MEANING
The inherited hate, anger, enmity, or hostility field continues as Old High German haʒ; competing sources disagree on whether pursuit, suffering, or hostile disposition best represents the earlier semantic center.
CHRONOLOGY
Proto-Germanic reconstruction into the eighth-century Old High German record.
SCHOLAR
Wolfgang Pfeifer · Jacob Grimm · John T. Koch
CONFIDENCE
probable — The Old High German form and cross-Germanic set are attested; the Proto-Germanic form, exact stem alternation, and semantic center are reconstructed.
DESCENDANTinheritanceprobable
Old Norse · Old Norse textual record · hatred enmity spite old norse

hatr

hatred, enmity, spite; perhaps mockery or scorn in one uncertain context

SOUND
The comparative analysis aligns Old Norse hatr and genitive hatrs with the Germanic *hatiz- noun after North Germanic loss or reduction of unstressed material and branch-specific inflection. The public sources establish the comparison more securely than one fully specified sound-law derivation.
MEANING
The inherited hate, anger, enmity, or spite field continues in Old Norse hatred, enmity, and spite. One proposed mockery or scorn context remains a qualified side sense rather than the ancestral center.
CHRONOLOGY
Proto-Germanic reconstruction into the Old Norse textual record, including a directly inspected c.1150-1200 manuscript token.
SCHOLAR
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors · Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon · John T. Koch
CONFIDENCE
probable — The Old Norse form and comparative Germanic set are attested or published; the parent form, exact paradigm history, and semantic center are reconstructed.
DESCENDANTinheritanceprobable
Old Saxon · Old Saxon Heliand, Genesis, and Saxon Confession record · hate hostility persecution old saxon

heti

hate, hostility, enmity, or persecution

SOUND
Old Saxon heti is directly compared with the reconstructed Germanic noun represented here as *hatiz-. The inherited h-t frame and i-stem comparison are published; no unattested West Germanic intermediate or falsely precise sound-change date is inserted.
MEANING
The Germanic hate, anger, enmity, and hostility field continues in an Old Saxon noun whose located contexts include endured persecution or hostile speech and confessed hostility. No one daughter context is promoted as the original meaning.
CHRONOLOGY
Proto-Germanic reconstruction into ninth- and tenth-century Old Saxon textual and manuscript evidence.
SCHOLAR
R. D. Fulk · Gerhard Köbler · Wolfgang Pfeifer · Linguistics Research Center editors
CONFIDENCE
probable — The inherited family is secure, while Fulk and Köbler use an i-stem analysis and Pfeifer calls the wider noun an old es/os-stem. The exact reconstructed morphology is therefore not singular.
DESCENDANTcompeting inheritanceproposed
Old Saxon · Old Saxon Heliand record · hostile enraged old saxon adjective

hōti

hostile, inimical, or enraged

SOUND
UT places Old Saxon hōti in the same reflex table as hatōn, heti, and the wider Germanic hate family. The atlas crosswalks that classification to its reviewed *hatiz- node without claiming an observed Proto-Germanic token.
MEANING
The hostile or inimical adjective is grouped with hate, displeasure, enmity, anger, and persecution. Köbler's distinct *hwōtja- analysis prevents this semantic grouping from being treated as a settled single parent.
CHRONOLOGY
Alternative Proto-Germanic reconstruction into the Old Saxon Heliand record.
SCHOLAR
Linguistics Research Center editors · SET-U cross-source review
CONFIDENCE
proposed — UT explicitly groups the form with the hate family; Köbler's E field explicitly reconstructs another Germanic family.
03

TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

39

This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.

UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
37
REVIEWED EDGES
39
DEEPEST PATH
5
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
20
HISTORICAL STEP 019 EDGES
STEP 01inheritanceestablished
SOUND
The Germanic i-stem *hatiz- yields Old English hete; the exact intermediate West Germanic paradigm is not independently promoted here.
MEANING
The Germanic hate, anger, enmity, and spite field continues in the Old English noun.
Merriam-Webster Editors · Anatoly Liberman4 CITATIONSEDGE 1087 ↗
STEP 01derivationestablished
SOUND
The Germanic weak verb *hatōjan- is derived from the base of the hate noun *hatiz-.
MEANING
A noun for hate or enmity supplies the related verb to hate or treat as an enemy.
Merriam-Webster Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 1096 ↗
STEP 01derivationprobable
SOUND
Orel derives *xatjanan from the Germanic hate-noun base he writes *xataz ~ *xatez; the graph crosswalks that base to its already reviewed *hatiz- representation.
MEANING
A noun for hate or enmity supplies a weak verb whose attested relatives range from hate to pursuit.
Vladimir Orel · Merriam-Webster Editors4 CITATIONSEDGE 1115 ↗
STEP 01inheritanceprobable
SOUND
Proto-Germanic *hatiz- is represented by Gothic hatis word-finally and by the stem hatiz- before a vowel-initial ending, visible in hatiza. Gothic then regularizes the inherited i-stem into neuter a-stem inflection.
MEANING
The inherited anger or hostility noun becomes the Gothic translation choice for Greek wrath vocabulary. That contextual specialization does not prove the noun lacked hatred senses elsewhere.
R. D. Fulk · John T. Koch · Project Wulfila editors4 CITATIONSEDGE 1132 ↗
STEP 01derivationprobable
SOUND
Orel groups the weak-verb reconstruction with the Germanic hate-noun base he represents as *xataz ~ *xatez; the graph crosswalks that base to its reviewed *hatiz- node.
MEANING
A noun family for hate or enmity supplies or associates with weak verbs whose daughter branches express hating, hostility, pursuit, and anger.
Vladimir Orel · Merriam-Webster Editors3 CITATIONSEDGE 1137 ↗
STEP 01inheritanceprobable
SOUND
Under the comparative analysis, Germanic t develops into the Old High German sibilant written ʒ through the High German consonant shift, while i-stem morphology and gender are remodeled in the High German branch.
MEANING
The inherited hate, anger, enmity, or hostility field continues as Old High German haʒ; competing sources disagree on whether pursuit, suffering, or hostile disposition best represents the earlier semantic center.
Wolfgang Pfeifer · Jacob Grimm · John T. Koch4 CITATIONSEDGE 1176 ↗
STEP 01inheritanceprobable
SOUND
The comparative analysis aligns Old Norse hatr and genitive hatrs with the Germanic *hatiz- noun after North Germanic loss or reduction of unstressed material and branch-specific inflection. The public sources establish the comparison more securely than one fully specified sound-law derivation.
MEANING
The inherited hate, anger, enmity, or spite field continues in Old Norse hatred, enmity, and spite. One proposed mockery or scorn context remains a qualified side sense rather than the ancestral center.
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors · Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon · John T. Koch4 CITATIONSEDGE 1180 ↗
STEP 01inheritanceprobable
SOUND
Old Saxon heti is directly compared with the reconstructed Germanic noun represented here as *hatiz-. The inherited h-t frame and i-stem comparison are published; no unattested West Germanic intermediate or falsely precise sound-change date is inserted.
MEANING
The Germanic hate, anger, enmity, and hostility field continues in an Old Saxon noun whose located contexts include endured persecution or hostile speech and confessed hostility. No one daughter context is promoted as the original meaning.
R. D. Fulk · Gerhard Köbler · Wolfgang Pfeifer · Linguistics Research Center editors5 CITATIONSEDGE 1259 ↗
STEP 01competing inheritanceproposed
SOUND
UT places Old Saxon hōti in the same reflex table as hatōn, heti, and the wider Germanic hate family. The atlas crosswalks that classification to its reviewed *hatiz- node without claiming an observed Proto-Germanic token.
MEANING
The hostile or inimical adjective is grouped with hate, displeasure, enmity, anger, and persecution. Köbler's distinct *hwōtja- analysis prevents this semantic grouping from being treated as a settled single parent.
Linguistics Research Center editors · SET-U cross-source review2 CITATIONSEDGE 1267 ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 0212 EDGES
STEP 02lexical continuationprobable
SOUND
Middle English hate stands beside inherited hete, with a remodeled a-vowel form associated with the verb haten. The graph does not pretend the noun-side replacement was a single regular sound law.
MEANING
Old English hate, hostility, and anger continue in Middle English, while the noun form is remodeled or replaced beside the inherited reflex.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 1086 ↗
STEP 02inheritanceestablished
SOUND
Old English hatian continues the reconstructed Germanic weak verb *hatōjan-, with the inherited stem and reduced inflection.
MEANING
The Germanic hostile-disposition verb continues in Old English; pursuit or persecution may preserve a more concrete action sense.
Merriam-Webster Editors · Anatoly Liberman4 CITATIONSEDGE 1095 ↗
STEP 02inheritanceprobable
SOUND
The j-conditioned Germanic stem accounts for Old English fronting of a to e and the geminate spelling in hettan; the displayed infinitive is a normalized lemma rather than a quoted corpus token.
MEANING
The compared Germanic verb family ranges across hate, pursuit, attack, and persecution, but the priority of those senses is unresolved.
Vladimir Orel · Chr. Peeters · Marta Tío Sáenz4 CITATIONSEDGE 1114 ↗
STEP 02inheritanceprobable
SOUND
The j-suffix conditions West Germanic fronting and consonant development; High German sound change and later reduction yield the projected *hezzen shape.
MEANING
A Germanic factitive or action verb associated with hostility is continued as chase, pursuit, or persecution in the High German branch.
Christopher Gordon Bailey · Vladimir Orel2 CITATIONSEDGE 1122 ↗
STEP 02inheritanceprobable
SOUND
The class-I -j- morphology visible in hatjandam supports the normalized infinitive hatjan and corresponds to the reconstructed *-jan- formation; Gothic h continues the Germanic fricative written x in Orel’s notation.
MEANING
The surviving Gothic clause means hate. The pursuit sense of Middle High German hetzen is a daughter-branch development and is not projected back as the only Gothic meaning.
Vladimir Orel · Wilhelm Braune · Project Wulfila editors5 CITATIONSEDGE 1127 ↗
STEP 02competing inheritanceproposed
SOUND
On the inherited analysis, Gothic h and the hat- stem continue the Germanic forms Orel writes with x, while the Gothic class-III paradigm is compared with the reconstructed *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan alternation.
MEANING
The Germanic weak-verb family meaning hate continues in the two surviving Gothic participles, one of which is substantivized as enemies.
Vladimir Orel · Project Wulfila editors5 CITATIONSEDGE 1136 ↗
STEP 02historical continuationestablished
SOUND
The reviewed dictionaries print the Old and Middle High German noun as haʒ; this edge preserves two attested language periods without inventing a sound change between identical normalized forms.
MEANING
DWB says hostile disposition is exclusively attested in Old High German, while Middle High German records also expose hostile action, anger enacted, and rivalry. That is a difference in the surviving record, not proof of one instantaneous innovation.
Dudenredaktion · Wolfgang Pfeifer · Jacob Grimm3 CITATIONSEDGE 1175 ↗
STEP 02inheritanceprobable
SOUND
Old High German haʒʒōn belongs to the comparative weak-verb set Orel reconstructs as *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan; the High German branch reflects the consonant-shifted Germanic t in the doubled sibilant spelling.
MEANING
The inherited Germanic hate field continues in the Old High German verb, but pursuit, hostile action, and hostile disposition remain competing candidates for the earlier semantic center.
Vladimir Orel · Dudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm4 CITATIONSEDGE 1187 ↗
STEP 02inheritanceprobable
SOUND
Old Norse h continues the Germanic fricative Orel writes x, while the weak-verb stem and North Germanic inflection produce the attested hata paradigm. The reviewed sources do not expose one complete dated series of intermediate spoken forms.
MEANING
The inherited hostility verb is distributed across persecution, rejection, humiliation, hate, damage or destruction, participial, and reciprocal constructions. Dictionary sense order is not promoted as a chronological semantic path.
Vladimir Orel · Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors · Johan Fritzner4 CITATIONSEDGE 1223 ↗
STEP 02inheritanceprobable
SOUND
Old Frisian h corresponds to the Germanic fricative Orel writes x. The attested weak-verb forms show spelling and inflectional variation including hatia, hatijen, hatie, hata, and hatien, but the reviewed sources do not publish one complete dated series of intermediate spoken changes.
MEANING
The inherited hostility verb is used across hate or rejection, damage, feud-language enemy pursuit, road obstruction, legal adversity, and theological condemnation. No dictionary sense order is promoted as a chronological semantic path.
Vladimir Orel · Dietrich Hofmann · Anne Tjerk Popkema · Corpus Oudfries editors4 CITATIONSEDGE 1228 ↗
STEP 02derivationestablished
SOUND
The consonantal stem hatiz- of hatis receives the class-II weak-verb formation represented by the citation form hatizōn and the written second-person plural hatizoþ. The long ō is an editorial phonological representation, not a separate manuscript letter.
MEANING
A noun for hatred, wrath, or anger supplies a verb whose one surviving context means be angry with or at someone. One token does not establish whether the verb ever carried the noun’s entire semantic range.
Todd B. Krause · Jonathan Slocum · Joseph Wright · Wilhelm Streitberg · Project Wulfila editors5 CITATIONSEDGE 1237 ↗
STEP 02competing inheritanceproposed
SOUND
Old Saxon h continues the Germanic fricative represented by Orel as x, while the attested ō-class paradigm is compared with reconstructed weak-verb alternatives. Orel prints *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan; Köbler prints *hatōn.
MEANING
The inherited Germanic hostility verb continues as Old Saxon hate or, in lexicographic description, pursue. The evidence does not establish pursuit as the one earlier or original meaning.
Vladimir Orel · Gerhard Köbler · University of Texas Linguistics Research Center3 CITATIONSEDGE 1254 ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 0310 EDGES
STEP 03compound componentestablished
SOUND
The first element of Middle English hate-rede is hate. This component edge is morphological analysis, not a claim that the whole compound changed into the bare noun.
MEANING
Hate supplies the emotion or hostility whose condition the compound names.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 1085 ↗
STEP 03inheritanceestablished
SOUND
Middle English haten continues Old English hatian with loss of the medial unstressed vowel and inherited infinitive reduction.
MEANING
Treat as an enemy or persecute continues as hate; a pursuit sense is relevant to one deeper semantic hypothesis.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Anatoly Liberman3 CITATIONSEDGE 1094 ↗
STEP 03historical continuationestablished
SOUND
Middle English hate continues into modern /heɪt/ through the Great Vowel Shift and regular loss of final inflectional material; noun and verb converge in one spelling.
MEANING
The hostility and enmity field continues while the verb also develops strong-dislike, distaste, and polite-reluctance uses and the noun develops attributive public uses such as hate speech.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 1097 ↗
STEP 03historical reconstructionprobable
SOUND
The Middle High German verb is projected back to an Old High German weak-verb bridge; the a > e fronting and z spelling are compatible with a j-conditioned High German formation, but the exact written OHG form is disputed.
MEANING
The reconstructed bridge carries the chase or persecution value inferred from later German and comparative forms.
Christopher Gordon Bailey · Friedrich Kluge · Dudenredaktion3 CITATIONSEDGE 1121 ↗
STEP 03analogical influenceproposed
SOUND
Sturtevant analyzes hatan beside hatjan through a specifically Gothic secondary association with the fijan/fian pattern; Braune independently records fluctuation between class III and class I.
MEANING
The two Gothic hate paradigms overlap semantically and morphologically without proving that every construction or sense was identical.
Albert Morey Sturtevant · Wilhelm Braune2 CITATIONSEDGE 1141 ↗
STEP 03translation overlapprobable
SOUND
No sound descent is claimed. The edge records two distinct Gothic class-III verbs used in overlapping translation constructions.
MEANING
Across Luke 1:71 and 6:27, fijan and hatan exchange the roles enemies and those hating.
Project Wulfila editors · Albert Morey Sturtevant3 CITATIONSEDGE 1148 ↗
STEP 03historical continuationestablished
SOUND
Middle High German haʒ continues through New High German hasz or Haß with capitalization of the noun and changing conventions for the final sibilant.
MEANING
The modern hostile-disposition center becomes dominant while the older action, pursuit, anger-in-action, and friendly-rivalry uses recede or disappear.
Dudenredaktion · Wolfgang Pfeifer · Jacob Grimm3 CITATIONSEDGE 1174 ↗
STEP 03historical continuationestablished
SOUND
The reviewed dictionaries connect Middle High German haʒʒen with Old High German haʒʒēn and haʒʒōn. The edge preserves the printed variants rather than inventing one normalized historical token.
MEANING
DWB aligns Old High German forms with following or pursuing and describes the later feeling-centered sense as more muted; Middle High German evidence contains both hostile action and disposition.
Dudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm · Georg Friedrich Benecke · Wilhelm Müller · Friedrich Zarncke4 CITATIONSEDGE 1186 ↗
STEP 03paradigm variantprobable
SOUND
The quantity-normalized citation form hazzōn selects the ōn member of a source set also printed as hazōn and haʒʒōn; hazzēn, hazēn, and haʒʒēn represent the neighboring ēn member. This edge is paradigm navigation, not a claim that one written form changed directly into the combined display.
MEANING
The variants occupy the same reviewed hate, emulation, following, and hostile-pursuit field. The edge does not assign every gloss to every token or prove that the ēn and ōn records were interchangeable in every dialect.
Dudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm · Starling editors · University of Texas Linguistics Research Center · Mirjam Marti Heinzle5 CITATIONSEDGE 1242 ↗
STEP 03orthographic variantestablished
SOUND
The normalized lemma hatōn abstracts over written infinitive hatan in Munich manuscript M and haton in manuscript C. The macron and final-vowel normalization are editorial analyses; this edge does not claim that one token changed directly into the other.
MEANING
No meaning change is assigned. Both infinitive readings belong to the same reviewed hate verb, while their object dates and manuscript identities remain separate.
Gerhard Köbler · University of Texas Linguistics Research Center · SET-U manuscript review3 CITATIONSEDGE 1253 ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 046 EDGES
STEP 04historical continuationestablished
SOUND
Middle English hatrede / hatreden loses the final suffixal syllable while the reduced -red spelling and /rɪd/ pronunciation become fixed in modern English.
MEANING
The medieval state or condition of hate continues as intense animosity, hostility, or extreme dislike; countable hatreds later names particular hostilities.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Anatoly Liberman3 CITATIONSEDGE 1084 ↗
STEP 04derivationprobable
SOUND
The noun hate is analyzed as a zero-derived or remodeled form based on Middle English haten; this edge represents Merriam-Webster’s probable analysis, not unanimous consensus.
MEANING
The verbal act or disposition of hating supplies a remodeled noun for the emotion.
Merriam-Webster Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 1093 ↗
STEP 04historical continuationestablished
SOUND
Middle High German hetzen and hatzen continue into Early New High German with regional vowel and spelling variation.
MEANING
Driving dogs after quarry extends to urging, provoking, and setting people against other people.
Thomas Plate · Oskar Reichmann et al. · Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften3 CITATIONSEDGE 1120 ↗
STEP 04orthographic variantprobable
SOUND
Written Gothic loses j in some fijan forms before a vowel; the historical lemma fian normalizes that j-less surface pattern.
MEANING
No lexical split is established: both shapes remain one hate verb.
Albert Morey Sturtevant · Project Wulfila editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 1145 ↗
STEP 04orthographic standardizationestablished
SOUND
The 1996 German spelling reform writes ss after the short vowel in Hass where the pre-reform standard used ß. No pronunciation change is asserted.
MEANING
The lexical meaning remains intense aversion or hostility; the edge models spelling standardization, not a new emotional category.
Dudenredaktion1 CITATIONEDGE 1173 ↗
STEP 04historical continuationestablished
SOUND
Middle High German haʒʒen continues into the hassen spelling of the Early New High German record as the historical sibilant notation and spelling conventions change.
MEANING
The Middle High German record already includes ordinary hating and disliking; action-centered persecution contexts recede while hostile disposition becomes central.
Dudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm · Matthias Lexer3 CITATIONSEDGE 1185 ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 052 EDGES
STEP 05historical continuationestablished
SOUND
Regional Early New High German spellings converge on standard hetzen; inflection and pronunciation continue to develop while the lexical stem remains recognizable.
MEANING
The inherited chase and incitement senses continue, while reflexive and intransitive hurry uses become prominent in modern German.
Dudenredaktion · Oskar Reichmann et al.2 CITATIONSEDGE 1119 ↗
STEP 05historical continuationestablished
SOUND
Early New High German hassen continues into New High German with the same normalized spelling while pronunciation, inflection, and usage are standardized over time.
MEANING
The modern verb retains person-directed hatred and also supports a broad strong-aversion sense for things and actions; the edge does not assign one intensity to every historical token.
Dudenredaktion · Wolfgang Pfeifer · Jacob Grimm3 CITATIONSEDGE 1184 ↗

“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

04

RECORDED EVIDENCE

ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE

0
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.

That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.

05

EDITORIAL REUSE

WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE

18