GO DEEPERcompeting inheritanceproposed
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic reconstruction alternatives · hate class three reconstruction*xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan
reconstructed class-III or related weak verbs meaning hate
- SOUND
- On the inherited analysis, Gothic h and the hat- stem continue the Germanic forms Orel writes with x, while the Gothic class-III paradigm is compared with the reconstructed *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan alternation.
- MEANING
- The Germanic weak-verb family meaning hate continues in the two surviving Gothic participles, one of which is substantivized as enemies.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Proto-Germanic reconstruction into the fourth-century Gothic translation tradition and surviving early-sixth-century manuscript.
- SCHOLAR
- Vladimir Orel · Project Wulfila editors
- CONFIDENCE
- proposed — The comparative family is published, but the exact reconstruction varies and Sturtevant argues that Gothic hatan may be a secondary formation beside hatjan rather than a straightforward inherited class-III reflex.
A Handbook of Germanic Etymology — *xataz, *xatjanan, and *xatōjanansupportsp. 203, *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan and Germanic cognate verbs
Publishes the inherited comparative reconstruction and branch set.
ORIGINAL ↗Lemma hatan — Gothic dictionary and occurrence inventorysupportsLemma hatan, class sw.V.3 and two-token occurrence inventory
Identifies the class-III Gothic lexeme and its complete current corpus count.
ORIGINAL ↗A Gothic Grammar with Selections for Reading and a Glossary — hatan and hatjanchallenges§§191–193 and note: class-III -ai- distribution; hatan fluctuates with class-I hatjan
Treats the Gothic forms as conjugational fluctuation rather than a clean separate inheritance.
ORIGINAL ↗Die gotische Bibel — Wörterbuch entry hatansupportsWörterbuch entry hatan sw.V.3 hassen
Independently supplies the historical dictionary lemma, class, and gloss.
ORIGINAL ↗Notes on Gothic Forms — Hatan : hatjan “to hate”challengesp. 452, Hatan : hatjan “to hate”
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 1136 ↗Argues that a specifically Gothic secondary origin is more probable and notes that hatan occurs only in the present participle.
ORIGINAL ↗