NODE / 1101reconstructedProto-Germanic
*hatōjan-
TRANSLITERATION *hatōjan-
to hate or treat with enmity
- DATE
- Proto-Germanic
- SENSE
- hate verb formation
- FAMILY
- Indo-European / Germanic
- CANONICAL KEY
- node:5:hatojan:reconstructed:sense:hate-verb-formation
Graph-only reconstructed verb derived from the Germanic hate noun base.
*This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.
01ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT
02DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP
DESCENDANTinheritanceestablished
Old English · Old English · hate pursue verbhatian
to hate, treat as an enemy, persecute, or in a cited context pursue
- SOUND
- Old English hatian continues the reconstructed Germanic weak verb *hatōjan-, with the inherited stem and reduced inflection.
- MEANING
- The Germanic hostile-disposition verb continues in Old English; pursuit or persecution may preserve a more concrete action sense.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Proto-Germanic reconstruction into attested Old English.
- SCHOLAR
- Merriam-Webster Editors · Anatoly Liberman
- CONFIDENCE
- established — The formal inheritance is secure; the semantic priority of pursuit is proposed.
03TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
- UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
- 6
- REVIEWED EDGES
- 6
- DEEPEST PATH
- 5
- MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
- 3
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
STEP 01inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Old English hatian continues the reconstructed Germanic weak verb *hatōjan-, with the inherited stem and reduced inflection.
- MEANING
- The Germanic hostile-disposition verb continues in Old English; pursuit or persecution may preserve a more concrete action sense.
Merriam-Webster Editors · Anatoly Liberman4 CITATIONSEDGE 1095 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE
STEP 02inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English haten continues Old English hatian with loss of the medial unstressed vowel and inherited infinitive reduction.
- MEANING
- Treat as an enemy or persecute continues as hate; a pursuit sense is relevant to one deeper semantic hypothesis.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Anatoly Liberman3 CITATIONSEDGE 1094 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 031 EDGE
STEP 03derivationprobable
- SOUND
- The noun hate is analyzed as a zero-derived or remodeled form based on Middle English haten; this edge represents Merriam-Webster’s probable analysis, not unanimous consensus.
- MEANING
- The verbal act or disposition of hating supplies a remodeled noun for the emotion.
HISTORICAL STEP 042 EDGES
STEP 04compound componentestablished
- SOUND
- The first element of Middle English hate-rede is hate. This component edge is morphological analysis, not a claim that the whole compound changed into the bare noun.
- MEANING
- Hate supplies the emotion or hostility whose condition the compound names.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 1085 ↗ STEP 04historical continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English hate continues into modern /heɪt/ through the Great Vowel Shift and regular loss of final inflectional material; noun and verb converge in one spelling.
- MEANING
- The hostility and enmity field continues while the verb also develops strong-dislike, distaste, and polite-reluctance uses and the noun develops attributive public uses such as hate speech.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 1097 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 051 EDGE
STEP 05historical continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English hatrede / hatreden loses the final suffixal syllable while the reduced -red spelling and /rɪd/ pronunciation become fixed in modern English.
- MEANING
- The medieval state or condition of hate continues as intense animosity, hostility, or extreme dislike; countable hatreds later names particular hostilities.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Anatoly Liberman3 CITATIONSEDGE 1084 ↗ “Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.
05EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE