A CLAIM
YOU CAN AUDIT.

Middle Dutch viant, viand, uiant, and vient continue into New Dutch vijand and vyand as initial consonant spelling, vowel representation, final d or t, and the full ending become standardized unevenly across the record.

The ordinary enemy or opponent remains central. Medieval Devil and monster branches become historical rather than the default modern Dutch sense, while figurative opponent uses expand.

Middle Dutch textual evidence into New Dutch and current usage.

Marlies Philippa · Frans Debrabandere · WNT editorial team

established — The dictionaries publish the form and sense continuity. No single sound change or semantic switch is assigned to every dialect and token.

reviewed