NODE / 1301reconstructedProto-Indo-European
*kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d-
TRANSLITERATION *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d-
to bore, drill, prick, or stab; in Germanic reflexes, sharpen, whet, or incite
- DATE
- Pokorny Indo-European etymon
- SENSE
- bore prick stab whet incite base
- FAMILY
- Indo-European
- CANONICAL KEY
- node:6:kwed-kwod:reconstructed:sense:bore-prick-stab-whet-incite-base
Köbler points to Pokorny 636; the UT reflex page independently publishes the etymon and Germanic whet or incite reflexes. UT does not place hōti on this page, so the branch-to-root assignment remains Köbler's analysis.
*This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.
01ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT
*THE TRAIL ENDS HERE.No securely reviewed ancestor extends beyond this node. 1 evidence path stops at this boundary.
INSPECT 1 CITED BOUNDARY CLAIM
02DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP
DESCENDANTcomparative derivationproposed
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic related noun reconstruction · threat reprimand germanic noun*hwōtō
threat or reprimand
- SOUND
- Köbler compares the Germanic hwōt- formation with Pokorny's labiovelar *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- complex; the UT page independently displays reflexes with Germanic hw- and meanings sharpen, whet, and incite.
- MEANING
- A physical field of boring, pricking, or stabbing develops in Germanic comparanda toward sharpness, whetting, incitement, and threat. The exact path to the Old Saxon hostile adjective remains proposed.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Proposed Indo-European comparison into Proto-Germanic reconstructed formations.
- SCHOLAR
- Gerhard Köbler · Linguistics Research Center editors
- CONFIDENCE
- proposed — The deep etymon and Germanic reflex field are published independently, but the specific *hwōtō link is supplied by Köbler and is not listed on UT's reflex page.
03TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
- UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
- 3
- REVIEWED EDGES
- 3
- DEEPEST PATH
- 3
- MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
- 1
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
STEP 01comparative derivationproposed
- SOUND
- Köbler compares the Germanic hwōt- formation with Pokorny's labiovelar *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- complex; the UT page independently displays reflexes with Germanic hw- and meanings sharpen, whet, and incite.
- MEANING
- A physical field of boring, pricking, or stabbing develops in Germanic comparanda toward sharpness, whetting, incitement, and threat. The exact path to the Old Saxon hostile adjective remains proposed.
Gerhard Köbler · Linguistics Research Center editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 1265 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE
STEP 02derivationproposed
- SOUND
- The adjective in *-ja- is compared with the long-vowel Germanic noun *hwōtō. The located entry does not independently settle whether the adjective derives from the noun, the noun from a related verb, or both from a shared base.
- MEANING
- The compared noun means threat while the adjective means hostile or enraged. The graph preserves the semantic proximity without converting it into one documented derivational event.
HISTORICAL STEP 031 EDGE
STEP 03competing inheritanceproposed
- SOUND
- Under Köbler's analysis, the normalized Old Saxon h-ō-t-i frame continues a Germanic *hw-ō-t-j- adjective. The five written Old Saxon surfaces vary between ho- and huo- and across inflectional endings; the edge does not assign one exact phonetic date to those spellings.
- MEANING
- A reconstructed hostile or threatening adjective continues in Heliand contexts of hostile minds and hostile intent. The branch evidence does not prove that sharpened or incited was the adjective's consciously felt meaning.
“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.
05EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE