*SET-U

THE GLOBAL LANGUAGE GRAPH

FAMILY ATLAS ↗

THE GENEALOGY, NOT THE GLOSSARY

NODE → EDGE → FAMILY → HUMAN LANGUAGE

THE WHOLE GRAPH.
NO INVENTED BRIDGES.

Every reviewed historical form and relationship in one navigable system. Where evidence connects families, the graph connects them. Where it does not, the space between them remains visible.

1061CANONICAL NODES

Attested forms, reconstructions, and explicit limits.

1025REVIEWED EDGES

Every relationship carries two change claims and evidence.

54EVIDENCE FAMILIES

Disconnected components stay disconnected.

133* RECONSTRUCTIONS

Inferred forms remain visibly different from records.

1669EDGE CITATIONS

515 distinct sources attached to relationships.

11DEEPEST GRAPH PATH

Topological steps, not a fabricated universal timescale.

01

THE WHOLE REVIEWED GRAPH

25 CONNECTED FAMILIES.
29 HONEST ISLANDS.

02 / SELECTED EVIDENCE COMPONENT

*tkeH- + *h₃ekʷ- + mān-

check · checkmate · chess · shah

ATTESTED* RECONSTRUCTEDBOUNDARYMODERN DOSSIERLATER FORM → EARLIER FORM
33MATCHING NODES
32MATCHING EDGES

The complete component remains visible. Filters emphasize matching evidence; they never amputate surrounding history.

LAYER 00LATERLAYER 01ROOTWARDLAYER 02ROOTWARDLAYER 03ROOTWARDLAYER 04ROOTWARDLAYER 05ROOTWARDLAYER 06ROOTWARDLAYER 07ROOTWARDLAYER 08ROOTWARDLAYER 09ROOTWARDLAYER 10HORIZONATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishcheck

verify, restrain, inspect, mark; a bank draft

checkATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishcheckmate

an inescapable chess defeat; complete thwarting

checkmateATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishchess

the two-player strategy board game

chessATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishshah

a sovereign of Iran

shahATTESTEDMiddle Englishchek / chekke

a chess warning; assault, adverse event, restraint

checkATTESTEDMiddle Englishchekmaten / chekmat

to checkmate or frustrate; the mating position

checkmateATTESTEDMiddle Englishchesse / ches / esches

the game of chess

chessATTESTEDAnglo-Frencheschec mat

the announcement that the opponent’s king cannot escape

checkmateATTESTEDAnglo-Frenchescheks / eschez

the game of chess; literally plural chess terms

chessATTESTEDAnglo-Frencheschec

a king in check; the warning in chess

checkATTESTEDOld Frencheschés

chess pieces; chess

chessATTESTEDClassical Arabicmāt

checkmated; alternatively interpreted as “has died”

checkmateATTESTEDClassical Arabical-šaṭranj

chess

ATTESTEDOld Frencheschac / eschés

chess pieces; a check against the king

checkATTESTEDPersianmānd

left, at a loss, helpless

checkmateATTESTEDPersianmāndan

to remain

checkmateATTESTEDClassical Arabicšāh

king; the king in chess

check · chessATTESTEDPersianšatranj

chess

ATTESTEDMiddle Persiančatrang

chess

ATTESTEDMiddle Persianmān-

remain, wait

checkmateATTESTEDPersianšāh

king, sovereign

check · chess · shahATTESTEDSanskritcaturaṅga

four-limbed army; chess game-name

ATTESTEDOld Persianmān-

remain, wait

checkmateATTESTEDMiddle Persianšāh

king, sovereign

check · chess · shahKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper form asserted from the reviewed sources

checkmateKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No older game-name ancestor asserted

ATTESTEDOld Persianxšāyaθiyā

king, sovereign

check · chess · shah* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*h₃ekʷ-

catch sight of, envisage

* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*tkeH-

rule, have power, possess

check · chess · shahKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No single deeper ancestor is promoted

checkKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No single deeper ancestor is promoted

chessKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No single deeper ancestor is promoted

shahKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No older form asserted

EDGECHILD → PARENTRELATION / SCHOLARCONFIDENCEEVIDENCE
0185check → chek / chekke

semantic continuationMerriam-Webster Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0186chek / chekke → eschec

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0187eschec → eschac / eschés

historical continuationMerriam-Webster Editors

probable1 citations / 1 sources ↗0188eschac / eschés → šāh

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

probable1 citations / 1 sources ↗0189šāh → šāh

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0190šāh → šāh

historical continuationRüdiger Schmitt · Merriam-Webster Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0191šāh → xšāyaθiyā

historical continuationRüdiger Schmitt · Merriam-Webster Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0192xšāyaθiyā → *tkeH-

proposed derivationMerriam-Webster Editors

proposed1 citations / 1 sources ↗0193*tkeH- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0194chess → chesse / ches / esches

historical continuationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0195chesse / ches / esches → escheks / eschez

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0196escheks / eschez → eschés

historical continuationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0197eschés → šāh

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗0202*tkeH- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0203checkmate → chekmaten / chekmat

historical continuationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0204chekmaten / chekmat → eschec mat

borrowing and derivationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0205eschec mat → māt

compound memberMerriam-Webster Editors · Bo Utas

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗0206māt → mānd

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors · Bo Utas

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗0207mānd → māndan

inflectional derivationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0208māndan → mān-

historical continuationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0209mān- → mān-

historical continuationMerriam-Webster Editors

probable1 citations / 1 sources ↗0210mān- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0211shah → šāh

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0215*tkeH- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0216eschec mat → eschec

compound memberMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0217eschés → al-šaṭranj

competing borrowing routeBo Utas and Encyclopaedia Iranica contributors

proposed1 citations / 1 sources ↗0218al-šaṭranj → šatranj

borrowingBo Utas

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0219šatranj → čatrang

historical continuationBo Utas

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0220čatrang → caturaṅga

borrowingBo Utas

probable1 citations / 1 sources ↗0221caturaṅga → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0222xšāyaθiyā → *h₃ekʷ-

competing reconstructionLexikon der indogermanischen Verben, as summarized by Merriam-Webster

proposed1 citations / 1 sources ↗0223*h₃ekʷ- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗
03

HOW TO READ THE MAP

CONNECTION IS A CLAIM.

01COMPONENTS

A family exists only when reviewed canonical edges connect its nodes. Empty space means the evidence is still disconnected.

02LAYERS

Left-to-right depth is topological descent through claims, not a universal calendar or an assertion of equal duration.

03NODES

Language, form, status, gloss, dossier reuse, and a permanent node record travel together.

04EDGES

Every line resolves to a relationship record with sound change, semantic change, scholar, confidence, and citations.

05ASTERISKS

Every reconstructed form keeps its asterisk. Attested and inferred evidence never share one visual state.

06HORIZONS

Boundary nodes are not ancestors. They say exactly where this reviewed path currently stops.