NODE / 0215attestedPersian
māndan
to remain
- DATE
- Persian
- SENSE
- remain
- FAMILY
- Indo-European / Iranian
- CANONICAL KEY
- node:19:mandan:attested:sense:remain
The proposed source verb for mānd.
01ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT
GO DEEPERhistorical continuationestablished
Middle Persian · Middle Persian · remain waitmān-
remain, wait
- SOUND
- Persian māndan continues the earlier Iranian base mān- with an infinitival ending.
- MEANING
- The meaning “remain, wait” continues.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Middle to New Persian.
- SCHOLAR
- Merriam-Webster Editors
- CONFIDENCE
- established
02DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP
03TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
- UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
- 5
- REVIEWED EDGES
- 5
- DEEPEST PATH
- 5
- MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
- 1
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
STEP 01inflectional derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Persian mānd is the verbal adjective associated with māndan.
- MEANING
- The action “remain” yields the state “left, at a loss, helpless.”
HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE
STEP 02borrowingprobable
- SOUND
- Persian mānd is borrowed into Arabic chess usage as māt, with final consonant adaptation.
- MEANING
- Left or helpless is specialized as the state of a trapped king.
Merriam-Webster Editors · Bo Utas2 CITATIONSEDGE 206 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 031 EDGE
STEP 03compound memberprobable
- SOUND
- The second member mat continues Arabic māt with little phonological change in French.
- MEANING
- A state of helplessness or defeat supplies the result component of the compound.
Merriam-Webster Editors · Bo Utas2 CITATIONSEDGE 205 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 041 EDGE
STEP 04borrowing and derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French eschec mat is borrowed as Middle English chek mat and supplies the derived verb chekmaten.
- MEANING
- The announcement that a king cannot escape becomes both a chess result and complete frustration.
HISTORICAL STEP 051 EDGE
STEP 05historical continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English chekmaten / chekmat stabilizes as modern checkmate.
- MEANING
- Chess defeat and complete frustration continue together into modern English.
“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.The reviewed graph does not yet attach a source-reported or directly inspected witness to this canonical form.
05EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE