*SET-U

THE GLOBAL LANGUAGE GRAPH

FAMILY ATLAS ↗

THE GENEALOGY, NOT THE GLOSSARY

NODE → EDGE → FAMILY → HUMAN LANGUAGE

THE WHOLE GRAPH.
NO INVENTED BRIDGES.

Every reviewed historical form and relationship in one navigable system. Where evidence connects families, the graph connects them. Where it does not, the space between them remains visible.

1061CANONICAL NODES

Attested forms, reconstructions, and explicit limits.

1025REVIEWED EDGES

Every relationship carries two change claims and evidence.

54EVIDENCE FAMILIES

Disconnected components stay disconnected.

133* RECONSTRUCTIONS

Inferred forms remain visibly different from records.

1669EDGE CITATIONS

515 distinct sources attached to relationships.

11DEEPEST GRAPH PATH

Topological steps, not a fabricated universal timescale.

01

THE WHOLE REVIEWED GRAPH

25 CONNECTED FAMILIES.
29 HONEST ISLANDS.

02 / SELECTED EVIDENCE COMPONENT

*dhg̑hem- + brȳd + ex

bride · bridegroom · chthonic · exhume · human · humble · humiliate · humiliation · humility · humus

ATTESTED* RECONSTRUCTEDBOUNDARYMODERN DOSSIERLATER FORM → EARLIER FORM
60MATCHING NODES
63MATCHING EDGES

The complete component remains visible. Filters emphasize matching evidence; they never amputate surrounding history.

LAYER 00LATERLAYER 01ROOTWARDLAYER 02ROOTWARDLAYER 03ROOTWARDLAYER 04ROOTWARDLAYER 05ROOTWARDLAYER 06ROOTWARDLAYER 07ROOTWARDLAYER 08ROOTWARDLAYER 09ROOTWARDLAYER 10ROOTWARDLAYER 11HORIZONATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishbride

a woman about to be or recently married

brideATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishbridegroom

a man about to be or recently married

bridegroomATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishchthonic

of the underworld; of or under the earth

chthonicATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishexhume

remove from burial; recover from obscurity

exhumeATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishhuman

human being; relating to humankind

humanATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishhumble

modest; low in rank; unpretentious

humbleATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishhumiliate

reduce to a lower position in one’s own or others’ eyes; cause shame or embarrassment

humiliateATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishhumiliation

act, state, or instance of humiliating; degradation, disgrace, or shame

humiliationATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishhumility

freedom from pride or arrogance; the quality or state of being humble

humilityATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishhumus

partly decomposed organic matter in soil

humusATTESTEDOld High Germanbrūt

bride

ATTESTEDMiddle Englishbride

bride; wife

brideATTESTEDMiddle Englishbrydegrome

bridegroom

bridegroomATTESTEDMiddle Englishexhume

remove from burial

exhumeATTESTEDMiddle Englishhumain

human

humanATTESTEDMiddle Englishhumble

low; modest; submissive

humbleATTESTEDMiddle Englishhumiliacioun

humbling, abasement, or humbled condition

humiliationATTESTEDMiddle Englishhumilite

humility; humble disposition or conduct

humilityATTESTEDNew Latinhumus

soil; earth; organic soil material

humusATTESTEDAncient Greekχθόνιος

of the earth; in or under the earth

chthonicATTESTEDMiddle Englishbridegome

bridegroom

bridegroomATTESTEDMedieval Latinexhumare

to remove from the earth

exhumeATTESTEDAnglo-Frenchhumain

human

humanATTESTEDOld Frenchhumain

human

ATTESTEDAnglo-Frenchhumble

low; humble

humbleATTESTEDMiddle Frenchhumiliation

act intended to humble; fact of being humble or humbling oneself

humiliationATTESTEDOld Frenchhumilité

quality of one who is humble; abasement before God

humilityATTESTEDAncient Greekχθών

earth; ground

chthonic* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*dh(e)ghom-

earth

chthonicATTESTEDOld Englishbrȳdguma

bridegroom; bride-man

bridegroomATTESTEDLatinex

out of; from

ATTESTEDLatinhūmānus

human; of people

humanATTESTEDLate Latinhumiliātiō

action of lowering; abasement; subduing or humbling through mortification

humiliationATTESTEDLate Latinhumilitās

lowness in a positive moral sense; humility opposed to pride

humilityATTESTEDOld Englishbrȳd

bride

brideATTESTEDOld Englishguma

man; human being

bridegroomATTESTEDLatinhomō

human being; man

humanATTESTEDLate Latinhumiliātus

made low or humble

humiliate · humiliationATTESTEDLatinhumilitās

literal low height or stature; low rank, insignificance, meanness, or abjectness

humilityKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper parent is promoted for ex- in this dossier.

* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*(dh)ghom-on-

earthling; human being

human* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*gumōn-

man; human being

bridegroomATTESTEDLate Latinhumiliāre

to make low or humble

humiliate · humiliationKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper parent is promoted for the bride component in this dossier.

KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted reconstructed parent is supplied by the reviewed bride sources.

bride* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*(dh)ghm̥-on-

earthling; human being

bridegroomATTESTEDLatinhumilis

low; humble

humble · humiliate · humility +1ATTESTEDLatinhumus

earth; soil

humble · humus · exhume +3* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*(dh)ghom-o-

earth; ground

exhume · humiliate · humility +1* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*dhghem-

earth

human · humble · humus +6* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*dhg̑hem-

earth

chthonic · exhume · humiliate +2KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed earth root.

humanKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed earth root.

humbleKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed earth root.

humusKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed earth root.

bridegroomKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed earth root.

chthonicKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed earth root.

exhumeKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed earth root.

humiliateKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed earth root.

humilityKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is currently known beyond the reviewed earth root.

humiliation
EDGECHILD → PARENTRELATION / SCHOLARCONFIDENCEEVIDENCE
0826human → humain

continuationMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0827humain → humain

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0828humain → hūmānus

inheritanceMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0829hūmānus → homō

derivationMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0830homō → *(dh)ghom-on-

inheritanceCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0831*(dh)ghom-on- → *dhghem-

derivationCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0832*dhghem- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0843humain → humain

competing borrowingAmerican Heritage Dictionary Editors

proposed1 citations / 1 sources ↗0844humain → hūmānus

inheritanceAmerican Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0845humus → *dhghem-

inheritanceCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0908humble → humble

continuationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0909humble → humble

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0910humble → humilis

inheritanceMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0911humilis → humus

derivationMerriam-Webster Editors · Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established5 citations / 5 sources ↗0913*dhghem- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0914humus → humus

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0915humus → humus

learned continuationMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0917*dhghem- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0918bridegroom → brydegrome

continuationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0919brydegrome → bridegome

folk etymological remodelingMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0920bridegome → brȳdguma

continuationMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0921brȳdguma → guma

compound componentMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0922guma → *gumōn-

inheritanceCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0923*gumōn- → *(dh)ghm̥-on-

inheritanceCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0924*(dh)ghm̥-on- → *dhghem-

derivationCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0925*dhghem- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0940brȳdguma → brȳd

compound componentMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0941brȳd → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0945chthonic → χθόνιος

learned borrowingAmerican Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0946χθόνιος → χθών

derivationAmerican Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0947χθών → *dh(e)ghom-

inheritanceCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0948*dh(e)ghom- → *dhghem-

ablaut formationCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0949*dhghem- → *dhg̑hem-

root extensionCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0950*dhg̑hem- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0951exhume → exhume

continuationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0952exhume → exhumare

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0953exhumare → humus

compound componentMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0954humus → *(dh)ghom-o-

inheritanceCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0955*(dh)ghom-o- → *dhghem-

morphological derivationCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0957*dhg̑hem- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0958bride → bride

continuationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0959bride → brȳd

inheritanceMerriam-Webster Editors · Joseph Bosworth and Thomas Northcote Toller

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0960brȳd → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Merriam-Webster Editors · Joseph Bosworth and Thomas Northcote Toller

boundary2 citations / 2 sources ↗0987chthonic → χθών

competing learned formationMerriam-Webster Editors

proposed1 citations / 1 sources ↗0988exhumare → ex

compound componentMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0989ex → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Merriam-Webster Editors

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0990brūt → UNKNOWN

cognate horizonMerriam-Webster Editors

probable1 citations / 1 sources ↗0995humiliate → humiliātus

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0996humiliātus → humiliāre

inflectionMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0997humiliāre → humilis

derivationMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1002*dhg̑hem- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1003humiliate → humiliāre

competing borrowingAmerican Heritage Dictionary Editors

proposed1 citations / 1 sources ↗1004humility → humilite

orthographic continuationAmerican Heritage Dictionary Editors · Merriam-Webster Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1005humilite → humilité

borrowingAmerican Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗1006humilité → humilitās

borrowingCNRTL · ATILF Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1007humilitās → humilitās

semantic specializationCharlton T. Lewis · Charles Short

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1008humilitās → humilis

derivationCharlton T. Lewis · Charles Short

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗1013*dhg̑hem- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1014humiliation → humiliacioun

orthographic continuationMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1015humiliacioun → humiliation

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗1016humiliation → humiliātiō

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors · CNRTL and ATILF Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1017humiliātiō → humiliātus

derivationMerriam-Webster Editors · CNRTL and ATILF Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1024*dhg̑hem- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗
03

HOW TO READ THE MAP

CONNECTION IS A CLAIM.

01COMPONENTS

A family exists only when reviewed canonical edges connect its nodes. Empty space means the evidence is still disconnected.

02LAYERS

Left-to-right depth is topological descent through claims, not a universal calendar or an assertion of equal duration.

03NODES

Language, form, status, gloss, dossier reuse, and a permanent node record travel together.

04EDGES

Every line resolves to a relationship record with sound change, semantic change, scholar, confidence, and citations.

05ASTERISKS

Every reconstructed form keeps its asterisk. Attested and inferred evidence never share one visual state.

06HORIZONS

Boundary nodes are not ancestors. They say exactly where this reviewed path currently stops.