*SET-U

THE GLOBAL LANGUAGE GRAPH

FAMILY ATLAS ↗

THE GENEALOGY, NOT THE GLOSSARY

NODE → EDGE → FAMILY → HUMAN LANGUAGE

THE WHOLE GRAPH.
NO INVENTED BRIDGES.

Every reviewed historical form and relationship in one navigable system. Where evidence connects families, the graph connects them. Where it does not, the space between them remains visible.

1061CANONICAL NODES

Attested forms, reconstructions, and explicit limits.

1025REVIEWED EDGES

Every relationship carries two change claims and evidence.

54EVIDENCE FAMILIES

Disconnected components stay disconnected.

133* RECONSTRUCTIONS

Inferred forms remain visibly different from records.

1669EDGE CITATIONS

515 distinct sources attached to relationships.

11DEEPEST GRAPH PATH

Topological steps, not a fabricated universal timescale.

01

THE WHOLE REVIEWED GRAPH

25 CONNECTED FAMILIES.
29 HONEST ISLANDS.

02 / SELECTED EVIDENCE COMPONENT

*prī-

frændi · frēond · Freund · friend · vriend

ATTESTED* RECONSTRUCTEDBOUNDARYMODERN DOSSIERLATER FORM → EARLIER FORM
18MATCHING NODES
17MATCHING EDGES

The complete component remains visible. Filters emphasize matching evidence; they never amputate surrounding history.

LAYER 00LATERLAYER 01ROOTWARDLAYER 02ROOTWARDLAYER 03ROOTWARDLAYER 04ROOTWARDLAYER 05ROOTWARDLAYER 06HORIZONATTESTEDOld Norsefrændi

friend or companion; especially kinsman, relative, son, parent, or ancestor

frændiATTESTEDGermanFreund

friend, trusted companion, romantic partner, supporter, patron, ally, or familiar form of address

FreundATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishfriend

a trusted or close companion; an ally, supporter, relation, form of address, or specialized modern contact

friendATTESTEDDutchvriend

friend, companion, intimate, supporter, ally, relation, lover, or familiar form of address

vriendATTESTEDMiddle Englishfrẹ̄nd

friend, comrade, intimate, ally, patron, relation, possible paramour, or form of address

friendATTESTEDMiddle Dutchvrient

friend, ally, relation, lover, confidant, partisan, or form of address

vriendATTESTEDMiddle High Germanvriunt

friend, neighbor, lover, or relative

FreundATTESTEDOld Englishfrēond

friend, relation, or one favorably disposed; historically an nd-stem agent noun

friend · frēondATTESTEDOld High Germanfriunt

friend, favored person, or relation; inherited loving-agent noun

FreundATTESTEDOld Dutchfriunt

friend, beloved companion, or favored person; inherited loving-agent noun

vriend* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*frijōnd-

a reconstructed present-participial formation, the loving or favorably disposed one

friend · Freund · vriend +2* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*frī-

to like, love, or be friendly to; also represented in the free verb family

friend · Freund · vriend +2* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*prī-

a proposed Indo-European root compared with the Germanic friend and free family

friend · Freund · vriend +2KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reviewed older ancestor or uniquely recoverable original social meaning is currently known.

friendKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reviewed older ancestor or uniquely recoverable original social meaning is currently known.

FreundKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reviewed older ancestor or uniquely recoverable original social meaning is currently known.

vriendKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reviewed older ancestor or uniquely recoverable original social meaning is currently known.

frændiKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reviewed older ancestor or uniquely recoverable original social meaning is currently known.

frēond
EDGECHILD → PARENTRELATION / SCHOLARCONFIDENCEEVIDENCE
1273friend → frẹ̄nd

historical continuationOxford English Dictionary editors · Middle English Dictionary editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1274frẹ̄nd → frēond

historical continuationOxford English Dictionary editors · Middle English Dictionary editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1275frēond → *frijōnd-

inheritanceOxford English Dictionary editors · American Heritage Dictionary editors

probable3 citations / 3 sources ↗1276*frijōnd- → *frī-

participial derivationOxford English Dictionary editors · Bosworth · Toller · American Heritage Dictionary editors

probable11 citations / 11 sources ↗1277*frī- → *prī-

comparative derivationAmerican Heritage Dictionary editors

proposed3 citations / 3 sources ↗1278*prī- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · American Heritage Dictionary editors

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1279Freund → vriunt

historical continuationWolfgang Pfeifer · Dudenredaktion · Jacob Grimm

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1280vriunt → friunt

historical continuationWolfgang Pfeifer · Jacob Grimm

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1281friunt → *frijōnd-

inheritanceWolfgang Pfeifer · Jacob Grimm

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗1284*prī- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1285vriend → vrient

historical continuationEWN editors · WNT editors · MNW editors

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1286vrient → friunt

historical continuationEWN editors · MNW editors · WNT editors

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗1287friunt → *frijōnd-

inheritanceEWN editors · WNT editors · MNW editors

probable3 citations / 3 sources ↗1290*prī- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1291frændi → *frijōnd-

inheritanceOxford English Dictionary editors · Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon · Johan Fritzner · Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors

probable4 citations / 4 sources ↗1294*prī- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · American Heritage Dictionary editors

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1298*prī- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · American Heritage Dictionary editors

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗
03

HOW TO READ THE MAP

CONNECTION IS A CLAIM.

01COMPONENTS

A family exists only when reviewed canonical edges connect its nodes. Empty space means the evidence is still disconnected.

02LAYERS

Left-to-right depth is topological descent through claims, not a universal calendar or an assertion of equal duration.

03NODES

Language, form, status, gloss, dossier reuse, and a permanent node record travel together.

04EDGES

Every line resolves to a relationship record with sound change, semantic change, scholar, confidence, and citations.

05ASTERISKS

Every reconstructed form keeps its asterisk. Attested and inferred evidence never share one visual state.

06HORIZONS

Boundary nodes are not ancestors. They say exactly where this reviewed path currently stops.