*SET-U

THE GLOBAL LANGUAGE GRAPH

FAMILY ATLAS ↗

THE GENEALOGY, NOT THE GLOSSARY

NODE → EDGE → FAMILY → HUMAN LANGUAGE

THE WHOLE GRAPH.
NO INVENTED BRIDGES.

Every reviewed historical form and relationship in one navigable system. Where evidence connects families, the graph connects them. Where it does not, the space between them remains visible.

1061CANONICAL NODES

Attested forms, reconstructions, and explicit limits.

1025REVIEWED EDGES

Every relationship carries two change claims and evidence.

54EVIDENCE FAMILIES

Disconnected components stay disconnected.

133* RECONSTRUCTIONS

Inferred forms remain visibly different from records.

1669EDGE CITATIONS

515 distinct sources attached to relationships.

11DEEPEST GRAPH PATH

Topological steps, not a fabricated universal timescale.

01

THE WHOLE REVIEWED GRAPH

25 CONNECTED FAMILIES.
29 HONEST ISLANDS.

02 / SELECTED EVIDENCE COMPONENT

*leǵ- + *set-u- + διά-

-logy · adverb · collect · dialogue · etymological · étymologie · étymologique · etymologist · etymologize · etymology · etymon · étymon · intellect · intelligence · intelligent · law · lay · lecture · legal · legend · legible · legislation · lesson · logic · prologue · proverb · select · verb · verbal · verbatim · word · ἐτεός · ἐτήτυμος · ἔτυμος · ստոյգ

ATTESTED* RECONSTRUCTEDBOUNDARYMODERN DOSSIERLATER FORM → EARLIER FORM
190MATCHING NODES
192MATCHING EDGES

The complete component remains visible. Filters emphasize matching evidence; they never amputate surrounding history.

LAYER 00LATERLAYER 01ROOTWARDLAYER 02ROOTWARDLAYER 03ROOTWARDLAYER 04ROOTWARDLAYER 05ROOTWARDLAYER 06ROOTWARDLAYER 07ROOTWARDLAYER 08ROOTWARDLAYER 09HORIZONATTESTEDPresent-Day English-logy

bound element forming nouns of expression, discourse, doctrine, theory, science, or study

-logyATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishadverb

a word class modifying verbs, adjectives, adverbs, phrases, clauses, or sentences

adverbATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishcollect

to bring together; a prayer; payable by recipient

collectATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishdialogue

conversation, represented speech, or exchange of ideas

dialogueATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishetymological

of, relating to, or based on etymology

etymologicalATTESTEDFrenchétymologie

study or explanation of the origin and historical development of words

étymologieATTESTEDFrenchétymologique

related to etymology; conforming to a word’s origin

étymologiqueATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishetymologist

a specialist in etymology

etymologistATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishetymologize

discover, formulate, state, or study etymologies

etymologizeATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishetymon

an earlier source form, foreign donor, or derivational base

etymonATTESTEDFrenchétymon

attested or reconstructed form used to explain a word’s historical development

étymonATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishintellect

the power or capacity of knowing, reasoning, or understanding

intellectATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishintelligence

capacity to understand; information; an information service

intelligenceATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishintelligent

having or showing understanding, judgment, or mental capacity; later also computer-guided

intelligentATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishlaw

binding rule, body of rules, or regular principle

lawATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishlay

to put, place, or set down

layATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishlecture

an instructional discourse; later a formal reproof

lectureATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishlegal

of, founded on, or permitted by law

legalATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishlegend

traditional story; inscription; explanatory key

legendATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishlegible

capable of being read or deciphered; later also discernible or understandable

legibleATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishlegislation

the making of laws, laws collectively, or business before a legislative body

legislationATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishlesson

a unit of instruction or something learned

lessonATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishlogic

the study or use of valid reasoning

logicATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishprologue

an introductory speech, section, or preceding event

prologueATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishproverb

a brief traditional saying, maxim, or adage

proverbATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishselect

to choose from a group; chosen for value or fitness

selectATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishverb

a grammatical word class expressing action, occurrence, or state

verbATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishverbal

of, relating to, or consisting of words; of a verb; spoken rather than written

verbalATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishverbatim

in exactly the same words; word for word

verbatimATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishword

a meaningful spoken or written unit; an utterance or expression

wordATTESTEDAncient Greekἐτεός

in accordance with truth; true; really

ἐτεόςATTESTEDAncient Greekἐτήτυμος

true

ἐτήτυμοςATTESTEDArmenianստոյգ

true, just, certain, sure, real, authentic

ստոյգATTESTEDPresent-Day Englishetymology

the history and origin of a word

etymology · etymologist · etymologizeATTESTEDPresent-Day English-al

of, like, related to, or pertaining to

ATTESTEDPresent-Day English-ist

one who does, makes, practices, or specializes in

ATTESTEDPresent-Day English-ize

make, become, practice, or perform

ATTESTEDMiddle English-logie

bound learned element visible in words such as etimologie

-logy* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*set-eu-o-

having or containing true order; real

ἐτεός* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*stéu-gho-

real; certain

ստոյգATTESTEDMiddle Englishadverbe

adverb

adverbATTESTEDMiddle Englishcollecten

to accumulate, infer, calculate

collectATTESTEDMiddle Englishdialoge

a literary work representing conversation

dialogueATTESTEDOld Frenchethimologie

title reference, word explanation, or learned wordplay depending on the witness

étymologieATTESTEDLatinetymologicus

etymological; conforming to etymology

étymologique · etymologicalATTESTEDLatinetymon

the literal or original meaning of a word

etymon · étymonATTESTEDOld Frenchintellecte

perception or understanding

intellectATTESTEDFrenchintelligence

understanding; knowledge

intelligenceATTESTEDMiddle Englishlawe / laue

law, ordinance, or body of rules

lawATTESTEDLatinlectūra

a reading; act of reading

lectureATTESTEDAnglo-Frenchlegal

of law

legalATTESTEDMiddle Englishlegende

a saint’s life or reading; inscription

legendATTESTEDMiddle Englishleggen / leyen

to put, place, or set down

layATTESTEDMiddle Englishlegible

capable of being read

legibleATTESTEDFrenchlégislation

law-making authority, action, or body of laws

legislationATTESTEDMiddle Englishlesson / lessoun

a reading, assigned text, or unit of instruction

lessonATTESTEDMiddle Englishlogik

the science of reasoning

logicATTESTEDMiddle Englishprolog

an introduction or prefatory speech

prologueATTESTEDMiddle Englishproverbe

proverb, maxim

proverbATTESTEDLatinselectus

selected, chosen

selectATTESTEDMiddle Englishverbale

of or consisting of words

verbalATTESTEDMedieval Latinverbātim

word for word

verbatimATTESTEDMiddle Englishverbe

verb

verbATTESTEDMiddle Englishword

word, utterance, expression

wordATTESTEDOld French-al

adjective-forming suffix

ATTESTEDMedieval Latin-ātim

distributive adverb-forming suffix

ATTESTEDOld French-iser / -izer

verb-forming suffix

ATTESTEDFrench-iste

person associated with an activity or doctrine

ATTESTEDOld French-logie

learned noun-forming element transmitted into Middle English

-logyATTESTEDMiddle Frenchadverbe

adverb

adverbATTESTEDAnglo-Frenchcollecter

to collect, accumulate

collectATTESTEDAnglo-Frenchdialogue

conversation or a work in conversational form

dialogueATTESTEDOld Frenchethimologie

derivation of a word

etymology · etymologist · etymologizeATTESTEDLatinetymologia

etymology; explanation by origin

étymologieATTESTEDLatinintellectus

perception, discernment, or understanding

intellectATTESTEDLatinintelligentia

understanding, discernment

intelligenceATTESTEDOld Englishlagu

ordinance, prescribed rule, regulation, or legal district

lawATTESTEDOld Englishlecgan

to lay, put, place, or set down

layATTESTEDAnglo-Frenchleçon

a reading or lesson

lessonATTESTEDLatinlēctus

read; gathered; chosen

lectureATTESTEDLatinlēgālis

legal; pertaining to law

legalATTESTEDAnglo-Frenchlegende

reading matter; saint’s life

legendATTESTEDLatinlegibilis

that can be read

legibleATTESTEDMedieval Latinlēgislātiō, lēgislātiōnem

proposal or bearing of a law; later a body of laws

legislationATTESTEDAnglo-Frenchlogique

logic; rational art

logicATTESTEDAnglo-Frenchprologue

a prologue or prefatory discourse

prologueATTESTEDAnglo-Frenchproverbe

proverb, maxim

proverbATTESTEDLatinseligere

to select or choose apart

selectATTESTEDLatinverbālis

of or relating to words or verbs

verbalATTESTEDAnglo-Frenchverbe

verb; grammatical word

verbATTESTEDOld Englishword

word, utterance, speech

wordATTESTEDAncient Greekἐτυμολογικός

belonging to or based on etymology

étymologique · etymologicalATTESTEDAncient Greekἔτυμον

the true sense of a word according to its origin

etymon · étymonATTESTEDLatin-ālis

of, related to, pertaining to

ATTESTEDLatin-ista

person associated with an activity

ATTESTEDMedieval Latin-izāre

verb-forming suffix

ATTESTEDLatin-logia

learned noun-forming element continuing Greek -logia

-logy* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*lagojanan

to cause to lie; to lay

lay* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*wurdam

word; something spoken

wordATTESTEDLatinadverbium

adverb; a word attached to another word or predicate

adverbATTESTEDLatincollēctus

gathered together

collectATTESTEDLatindialogus

dialogue or conversational work

dialogueATTESTEDLatinetymologia

explanation of a word by its origin

etymology · etymologist · etymologizeATTESTEDLatinintelligēns

understanding, discerning

intelligence · intelligentATTESTEDLatinlātiō

a bearing, bringing, or proposing

ATTESTEDLatinlectiō

a reading; act of reading

lessonATTESTEDLatinlegenda

things to be read

legendATTESTEDLatinlēx

law, statute, rule, agreement

legal · legislationATTESTEDOld Norselǫg / lög; lag

law; a laying, layer, order, or disposition

lawATTESTEDLatinlogica

logic; the logical art

logicATTESTEDLatinprologus

preface to a play or introductory discourse

prologueATTESTEDLatinproverbium

proverb, traditional saying

proverbKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper unique suffix ancestor is promoted.

ATTESTEDLatinverbum

verb; predicate word

verbATTESTEDAncient Greekἐτυμολογία

inquiry into a word’s true sense

étymologie · étymologique · etymologicalATTESTEDAncient Greekἔτυμος

true, real, actual; in the neuter, the true sense of a word

ἔτυμος · etymon · étymologie +4ATTESTEDAncient Greek-ίζειν

do or practice the action of the base

ATTESTEDAncient Greek-ιστής

agent or person associated with an action

ATTESTEDAncient Greek-λογία

formation associated with speaking, discourse, or an account of a subject

-logy* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Germanic*lagam

a laying down; what is fixed or set

law* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*wr̥-dho-

something spoken; word

wordATTESTEDLatinad-

to, toward

ATTESTEDLatincolligere

to gather together, assemble, accumulate

collectATTESTEDLatinferre

to bear, carry, bring, report, or propose

ATTESTEDLatinintellegere / intelligere

to understand, perceive, discern

intelligence · intellect · intelligentATTESTEDLatinlegendus

that which is to be read

legendATTESTEDLatinprō-

before, forward, for

KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper suffix ancestor is promoted.

ATTESTEDLatinverbum

word, utterance, expression, language, discourse

verb · verbal · adverb +2ATTESTEDAncient Greekδιάλογος

conversation, dialogue, or discourse

dialogueATTESTEDAncient Greekἐτυμολογία

analysis of a word’s true sense

etymology · etymologist · etymologizeATTESTEDAncient Greekλογική

the logical art or science

logicATTESTEDAncient Greekπρόλογος

speech before; portion of a play before the chorus

prologue* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*ad-

to, near, at

* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*bher-

to carry or bear

* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*legh-

to lie, recline, lay, or set down

law · lay* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*per-

forward, through, before, toward

* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*setu-mo-

true, real

ἔτυμος · etymon · étymologie +4* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*wer-dho-

something spoken; word

verb · verbal · adverb +2ATTESTEDLatinlegere

to gather, select, choose; to read

lecture · legend · intelligence +6KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper unique suffix ancestor is promoted.

KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper unique suffix ancestor is promoted.

ATTESTEDAncient Greekδιαλέγεσθαι

to converse or discuss; a formation with dia- and legein

dialogueATTESTEDAncient Greekἔτυμος

true, real, genuine

etymology · etymologist · etymologizeATTESTEDAncient Greekλογικός

of speech, reason, or reasoning

logicATTESTEDAncient Greekπρό-

before or in front as a prefix

* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*set-u-

true; real; in true order

etymology · ἔτυμος · ἐτεός +9* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*werh₁-

speak

word · verb · verbal +3KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reviewed ancestor is promoted beyond *bher-.

KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reconstructed ancestor is promoted beyond *legh-.

lawKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reconstructed ancestor is promoted beyond *legh-.

layKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper directional ancestor is promoted.

KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper preposition base is promoted.

ATTESTEDAncient Greekδιά-

through, across, or between as a prefix

ATTESTEDAncient Greekλόγος

word, speech, account, reckoning, reason

logic · prologue · -logyKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

The trail ends in competing analyses.

etymologyKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No single older ancestor is promoted.

ἔτυμοςKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No single older ancestor is promoted.

ἐτεόςKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reconstructed unique ancestor is promoted.

ստոյգKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No single older ancestor is promoted.

etymonKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No single older ancestor is promoted.

étymologieKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely reconstructed unique ancestor is promoted.

ἐτήτυμοςKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No single older ancestor is promoted.

étymonKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No single older ancestor is promoted.

étymologiqueKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No single older ancestor is promoted.

etymologicalKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No single older ancestor is promoted.

etymologistKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No single older ancestor is promoted.

etymologizeKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the speaking root.

wordKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the speaking root.

verbKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the speaking root.

verbalKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the speaking root.

adverbKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the speaking root.

proverbKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the speaking root.

verbatimATTESTEDAncient Greekλέγω

gather; count; recount; say

logic · dialogue · prologue +1* RECONSTRUCTEDProto-Indo-European*leǵ-

to collect, gather; with descendants involving speaking

logic · legal · lecture +12KNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper ancestor is presented as secure.

logicKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper ancestor is presented as secure.

legalKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper ancestor is presented as secure.

lectureKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper ancestor is presented as secure.

legendKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper ancestor is presented as secure.

intelligenceKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper ancestor is presented as secure.

collectKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper ancestor is presented as secure.

lessonKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper ancestor is presented as secure.

selectKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper ancestor is promoted beyond the live *leǵ- / *sleǵ- dispute.

intellectKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper ancestor is promoted beyond the live *leǵ- / *sleǵ- dispute.

intelligentKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper ancestor is promoted beyond the live *leǵ- / *sleǵ- dispute.

dialogueKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper ancestor is promoted beyond the live *leǵ- / *sleǵ- dispute.

prologueKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper ancestor is promoted beyond the live *leǵ- / *sleǵ- dispute.

legibleKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper ancestor is promoted beyond the disputed comparison of lēx with *leǵ- / *sleǵ-.

legislationKNOWLEDGE BOUNDARYBeyond secure reconstructionUNKNOWN

No deeper ancestor is promoted beyond the live *leǵ- / *sleǵ- dispute.

-logy
EDGECHILD → PARENTRELATION / SCHOLARCONFIDENCEEVIDENCE
0007etymology → ethimologie

borrowingOED · historical lexicography

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0008ethimologie → etymologia

borrowingFrench historical lexicography

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0009etymologia → ἐτυμολογία

borrowingLatin and Greek lexicography

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0010ἐτυμολογία → ἔτυμος

derivationAncient Greek lexicography

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0011ἔτυμος → *set-u-

inheritanceBeekes 2010 · Pinault · de Lamberterie

proposed2 citations / 2 sources ↗0012*set-u- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundaryOpen research boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0042logic → logik

inheritanceMerriam-Webster editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0043logik → logique

borrowingMerriam-Webster editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0044logique → logica

borrowingFrench and Latin historical lexicography

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0045logica → λογική

borrowingMerriam-Webster · Greek lexicography

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0046λογική → λογικός

derivationAncient Greek lexicography

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0047λογικός → λόγος

derivationAncient Greek lexicography

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0048λόγος → λέγω

derivationLogeion · comparative Greek lexicography

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗0049λέγω → *leǵ-

inheritanceUT Austin LRC · IE-CoR · Kaczyńska

proposed3 citations / 3 sources ↗0050*leǵ- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundaryOpen research boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0051ἐτυμολογία → λόγος

compound memberAncient Greek lexicography

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0052legal → legal

borrowingMerriam-Webster editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0053legal → lēgālis

borrowingMerriam-Webster editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0054lēgālis → lēx

derivationLatin lexicography

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0055lēx → *leǵ-

proposed inheritanceKaczyńska · Indo-European lexicography

proposed3 citations / 3 sources ↗0056*leǵ- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundaryOpen research boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0057lecture → lectūra

borrowingMerriam-Webster editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0058lectūra → lēctus

derivationLatin lexicography

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0059lēctus → legere

inflectionLatin lexicography

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0060legere → *leǵ-

inheritanceIndo-European lexicography

probable3 citations / 3 sources ↗0061*leǵ- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundaryOpen research boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0062legend → legende

inheritanceMerriam-Webster editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0063legende → legende

borrowingMerriam-Webster editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0064legende → legenda

borrowingMerriam-Webster editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0065legenda → legendus

inflectionLatin and medieval lexicography

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0066legendus → legere

inflectionLatin lexicography

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0068*leǵ- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundaryOpen research boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0069intelligence → intelligence

borrowingMerriam-Webster editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0070intelligence → intelligentia

borrowingMerriam-Webster editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0071intelligentia → intelligēns

derivationLatin lexicography

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0072intelligēns → intellegere / intelligere

inflectionLatin lexicography

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0073intellegere / intelligere → legere

derivationMerriam-Webster · Latin lexicography

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗0075*leǵ- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundaryOpen research boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0076collect → collecten

inheritanceMerriam-Webster editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0077collecten → collecter

borrowingMerriam-Webster editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0078collecter → collēctus

borrowingMerriam-Webster editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0079collēctus → colligere

inflectionLatin lexicography

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0080colligere → legere

derivationMerriam-Webster · Latin lexicography

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0082*leǵ- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundaryOpen research boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0260lesson → lesson / lessoun

historical continuationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0261lesson / lessoun → leçon

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0262leçon → lectiō

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0263lectiō → legere

derivationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0265*leǵ- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0266select → selectus

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0267selectus → seligere

inflectionMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0268seligere → legere

prefixed derivationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0270*leǵ- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0380intellect → intellecte

borrowingMerriam-Webster · American Heritage editors

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗0381intellecte → intellectus

borrowingAmerican Heritage editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0382intellectus → intellegere / intelligere

derivationMerriam-Webster · American Heritage editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0385*leǵ- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0402intelligent → intelligēns

borrowingMerriam-Webster · American Heritage editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0406*leǵ- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0432dialogue → dialoge

historical continuationMerriam-Webster · Etymonline editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0433dialoge → dialogue

borrowingMerriam-Webster editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0434dialogue → dialogus

borrowingMerriam-Webster · Etymonline editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0435dialogus → διάλογος

borrowingMerriam-Webster · Etymonline editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0436διάλογος → διαλέγεσθαι

derivationMerriam-Webster · Etymonline editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0437διαλέγεσθαι → λέγω

prefixed derivationMerriam-Webster · Etymonline editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0439*leǵ- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundaryOpen research boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0440prologue → prolog

historical continuationMerriam-Webster · Etymonline editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0441prolog → prologue

borrowingMerriam-Webster editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0442prologue → prologus

borrowingMerriam-Webster · Etymonline editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0443prologus → πρόλογος

borrowingMerriam-Webster · Etymonline editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0444πρόλογος → λόγος

compound componentMerriam-Webster · Etymonline editors

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗0447*leǵ- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundaryOpen research boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0448legible → legible

historical continuationMerriam-Webster · American Heritage editors

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗0449legible → legibilis

borrowingMerriam-Webster · American Heritage editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0450legibilis → legere

derivationMerriam-Webster · American Heritage · Etymonline editors

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗0452*leǵ- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundaryOpen research boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0453legislation → législation

borrowingEtymonline · CNRTL editors

probable3 citations / 3 sources ↗0454législation → lēgislātiō, lēgislātiōnem

borrowingCNRTL · Etymonline editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0455lēgislātiō, lēgislātiōnem → lēx

compound componentMerriam-Webster · CNRTL · Etymonline editors

established4 citations / 4 sources ↗0457*leǵ- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundaryOpen research boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0458διαλέγεσθαι → διά-

prefix componentMerriam-Webster · Etymonline editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0459πρόλογος → πρό-

compound componentMerriam-Webster · Etymonline editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0460lēgislātiō, lēgislātiōnem → lātiō

compound componentMerriam-Webster · CNRTL · Etymonline editors

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗0461lātiō → ferre

derivationMerriam-Webster · CNRTL · Latin lexicography

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗0462ferre → *bher-

inheritanceAmerican Heritage Indo-European Roots · Latin lexicography

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0463*bher- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0464law → lawe / laue

historical continuationMerriam-Webster · Etymonline editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0465lawe / laue → lagu

inheritanceMerriam-Webster · Etymonline · UT LRC editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0466lagu → lǫg / lög; lag

borrowingMerriam-Webster · Etymonline editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0467lǫg / lög; lag → *lagam

inheritanceAmerican Heritage · UT LRC · Cleasby–Vigfusson

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗0468*lagam → *legh-

inheritanceAmerican Heritage · UT LRC · Etymonline editors

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗0469*legh- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · UT LRC

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0489lēx → *legh-

competing inheritanceCalvert Watkins · American Heritage Dictionary editors

proposed1 citations / 1 sources ↗0510lay → leggen / leyen

historical continuationMerriam-Webster · Etymonline · American Heritage editors

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗0511leggen / leyen → lecgan

inheritanceMerriam-Webster · Etymonline · American Heritage editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0512lecgan → *lagojanan

inheritanceEtymonline · UT LRC editors

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗0513*lagojanan → *legh-

inheritanceEtymonline · UT LRC editors

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗0514*legh- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary · UT LRC

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0547ἔτυμος → *setu-mo-

inheritanceRobert Beekes · Martin Gális

proposed2 citations / 2 sources ↗0548*setu-mo- → *set-u-

derivationRobert Beekes · Charles de Lamberterie

proposed2 citations / 2 sources ↗0549*set-u- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0550ἐτεός → *set-eu-o-

inheritanceMartin Gális · Robert Beekes

proposed2 citations / 2 sources ↗0551*set-eu-o- → *set-u-

derivationMartin Gális · Robert Beekes

proposed2 citations / 2 sources ↗0552*set-u- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0553ստոյգ → *stéu-gho-

inheritanceHrach Martirosyan · Robert Beekes

proposed2 citations / 2 sources ↗0554*stéu-gho- → *set-u-

comparative derivationHrach Martirosyan · Robert Beekes · Martin Gális

proposed2 citations / 2 sources ↗0555*set-u- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0556etymon → etymon

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0557etymon → ἔτυμον

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors · Greek lexicography

established3 citations / 3 sources ↗0558ἔτυμον → ἔτυμος

substantivizationLiddell · Scott · Jones

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0561*set-u- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0562étymologie → ethimologie

historical continuationCNRTL Editors · Académie française Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0563ethimologie → etymologia

borrowingFrench historical lexicography

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0564etymologia → ἐτυμολογία

borrowingLatin and Greek lexicography

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0565ἐτυμολογία → ἔτυμος

derivationAncient Greek lexicography

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0568*set-u- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0569ἐτήτυμος → ἔτυμος

reduplicationLiddell · Scott · Jones

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0572*set-u- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0573étymon → etymon

borrowingATILF · CNRTL Editors

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗0578*set-u- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0579étymologique → etymologicus

borrowingATILF · Académie française Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0580etymologicus → ἐτυμολογικός

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0581ἐτυμολογικός → ἐτυμολογία

derivationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0585*set-u- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0586etymological → etymologicus

learned formationMerriam-Webster Editors

probable2 citations / 2 sources ↗0592*set-u- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0593etymologist → etymology

derivationMerriam-Webster Editors · Douglas Harper

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0599*set-u- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0600etymologize → etymology

derivationMerriam-Webster Editors · Douglas Harper

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0606*set-u- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0607etymological → etymology

competing derivationDouglas Harper

proposed1 citations / 1 sources ↗0608etymological → -al

derivational componentMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0609-al → -al

borrowingDouglas Harper

probable1 citations / 1 sources ↗0610-al → -ālis

competing borrowingDouglas Harper

proposed1 citations / 1 sources ↗0611-al → -ālis

inheritanceDouglas Harper

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0612-ālis → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0613etymologist → -ist

derivational componentDouglas Harper

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0614-ist → -iste

borrowingDouglas Harper

probable1 citations / 1 sources ↗0615-ist → -ista

competing borrowingDouglas Harper

proposed1 citations / 1 sources ↗0616-iste → -ista

inheritanceDouglas Harper

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0617-ista → -ιστής

borrowingDouglas Harper

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0618-ιστής → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0619etymologize → -ize

derivational componentDouglas Harper

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0620-ize → -iser / -izer

borrowingDouglas Harper

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0621-iser / -izer → -izāre

borrowingDouglas Harper

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0622-izāre → -ίζειν

borrowingDouglas Harper

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0623-ίζειν → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0624word → word

continuationMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0625word → word

continuationMerriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0626word → *wurdam

inheritanceCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0627*wurdam → *wr̥-dho-

inheritanceCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0628*wr̥-dho- → *werh₁-

derivationCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0629*werh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0630verb → verbe

continuationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0631verbe → verbe

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0632verbe → verbum

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0633verbum → verbum

semantic specializationLewis and Short

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0634verbum → *wer-dho-

inheritanceCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0635*wer-dho- → *werh₁-

derivationCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0636*werh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0637verbal → verbale

continuationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0638verbale → verbālis

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0639verbālis → verbum

derivationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0642*werh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0643adverb → adverbe

continuationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0644adverbe → adverbe

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0645adverbe → adverbium

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0646adverbium → verbum

compound memberMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0649*werh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0650proverb → proverbe

continuationMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0651proverbe → proverbe

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0652proverbe → proverbium

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0653proverbium → verbum

compound memberMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0656*werh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0657verbatim → verbātim

borrowingMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0658verbātim → verbum

derivationMerriam-Webster Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗0661*werh₁- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0662adverbium → ad-

compound componentMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0663ad- → *ad-

inheritanceCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0664*ad- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0665proverbium → prō-

compound componentMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0666prō- → *per-

inheritanceCalvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0667*per- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗0668verbālis → -ālis

derivational componentMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0669verbātim → -ātim

derivational componentMerriam-Webster Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗0670-ātim → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundarySET-U editorial boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗1025-logy → -logie

historical continuationAmerican Heritage Dictionary Editors · Merriam-Webster Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1026-logie → -logie

borrowingAmerican Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗1027-logie → -logia

borrowingAmerican Heritage Dictionary Editors

established1 citations / 1 sources ↗1028-logia → -λογία

borrowingAmerican Heritage Dictionary Editors · Merriam-Webster Editors

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1029-λογία → λόγος

derivationAmerican Heritage Dictionary Editors · Ancient Greek lexicography

established2 citations / 2 sources ↗1032*leǵ- → UNKNOWN

knowledge boundaryOpen research boundary

boundary1 citations / 1 sources ↗
03

HOW TO READ THE MAP

CONNECTION IS A CLAIM.

01COMPONENTS

A family exists only when reviewed canonical edges connect its nodes. Empty space means the evidence is still disconnected.

02LAYERS

Left-to-right depth is topological descent through claims, not a universal calendar or an assertion of equal duration.

03NODES

Language, form, status, gloss, dossier reuse, and a permanent node record travel together.

04EDGES

Every line resolves to a relationship record with sound change, semantic change, scholar, confidence, and citations.

05ASTERISKS

Every reconstructed form keeps its asterisk. Attested and inferred evidence never share one visual state.

06HORIZONS

Boundary nodes are not ancestors. They say exactly where this reviewed path currently stops.