NODE / 0013reconstructedProto-Indo-European
*set-u-
true; real; in true order
- DATE
- prehistoric
- SENSE
- default
- FAMILY
- Indo-European
- CANONICAL KEY
- node:6:set-u:reconstructed
Published reconstruction; morphology remains debated.
*This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.
01ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT
*THE TRAIL ENDS HERE.No securely reviewed ancestor extends beyond this node. 12 evidence paths stop at this boundary.
INSPECT 12 CITED BOUNDARY CLAIMS
02DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP
DESCENDANTinheritanceproposed
Ancient Greek · archaic Greekἔτυμος
true, real, genuine
- SOUND
- The attested Greek adjective is analyzed through an earlier *setu-mo- formation; initial *s is lost in the proposed path.
- MEANING
- Truth, actuality, and proper order form the reconstructed semantic field.
- SCHOLAR
- Beekes 2010 · Pinault · de Lamberterie
- CONFIDENCE
- proposed — The exact morphology and wider family have competing analyses.
DESCENDANTderivationproposed
Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European formation, proposed · true adjective*setu-mo-
true, real
- SOUND
- The proposed *-mo- adjective is built on the reconstructed *set-u- base.
- MEANING
- The true-order base becomes an adjective meaning true or real.
- SCHOLAR
- Robert Beekes · Charles de Lamberterie
- CONFIDENCE
- proposed — Both the base and derivational segmentation are reconstructed.
DESCENDANTderivationproposed
Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European adjectival formation, proposed · true adjective*set-eu-o-
having or containing true order; real
- SOUND
- The proposed possessive adjective *set-eu-o- is analyzed from a *set-u- or *steu- base.
- MEANING
- The base notion of true order becomes “having true order; real.”
- SCHOLAR
- Martin Gális · Robert Beekes
- CONFIDENCE
- proposed — The exact ablaut and suffixal analysis remain debated.
DESCENDANTcomparative derivationproposed
Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European Armenian preform, proposed · true adjective*stéu-gho-
real; certain
- SOUND
- The proposed Armenian preform is connected through extension and reorganization of the *set-u- or *steu- base; no single intermediate is written.
- MEANING
- The comparative field remains truth, certainty, and reality.
- SCHOLAR
- Hrach Martirosyan · Robert Beekes · Martin Gális
- CONFIDENCE
- proposed — This edge encodes a published comparison, not proof of one uncontested parent form.
03TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
- UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
- 26
- REVIEWED EDGES
- 27
- DEEPEST PATH
- 6
- MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
- 12
HISTORICAL STEP 014 EDGES
STEP 01inheritanceproposed
- SOUND
- The attested Greek adjective is analyzed through an earlier *setu-mo- formation; initial *s is lost in the proposed path.
- MEANING
- Truth, actuality, and proper order form the reconstructed semantic field.
Beekes 2010 · Pinault · de Lamberterie2 CITATIONSEDGE 11 ↗ STEP 01derivationproposed
- SOUND
- The proposed *-mo- adjective is built on the reconstructed *set-u- base.
- MEANING
- The true-order base becomes an adjective meaning true or real.
Robert Beekes · Charles de Lamberterie2 CITATIONSEDGE 548 ↗ STEP 01derivationproposed
- SOUND
- The proposed possessive adjective *set-eu-o- is analyzed from a *set-u- or *steu- base.
- MEANING
- The base notion of true order becomes “having true order; real.”
STEP 01comparative derivationproposed
- SOUND
- The proposed Armenian preform is connected through extension and reorganization of the *set-u- or *steu- base; no single intermediate is written.
- MEANING
- The comparative field remains truth, certainty, and reality.
Hrach Martirosyan · Robert Beekes · Martin Gális2 CITATIONSEDGE 554 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 024 EDGES
STEP 02derivationestablished
- SOUND
- The compound joins ἔτυμος “true, real” and -λογία “account, study.”
- MEANING
- A word’s “true sense” becomes an object of analysis.
Ancient Greek lexicography1 CITATIONEDGE 10 ↗ STEP 02inheritanceproposed
- SOUND
- The Greek form is analyzed from *setu-mo- with loss of initial *s and Greek development of the reconstructed formation.
- MEANING
- A reconstructed adjective of truth or reality continues as Greek “true, real, actual.”
STEP 02inheritanceproposed
- SOUND
- The proposed path from *set-eu-o- to Greek ἐτεός includes loss of the inherited initial sibilant; Gális discusses psilosis and only tentatively raises contact as an explanation.
- MEANING
- A possessive true-order adjective yields the attested senses true and really.
STEP 02inheritanceproposed
- SOUND
- Classical Armenian ստոյգ is compared with a reconstructed *stéu-gho- preform; the consonant sequence and vocalism are comparative, not attested.
- MEANING
- The reconstructed real or certain sense continues in the Armenian adjective and adverb.
Hrach Martirosyan · Robert Beekes2 CITATIONSEDGE 553 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 034 EDGES
STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Latin borrowed Greek ἐτυμολογία.
- MEANING
- A Greek technical concept entered Latin grammatical tradition.
Latin and Greek lexicography1 CITATIONEDGE 9 ↗ STEP 03substantivizationestablished
- SOUND
- The neuter form ἔτυμον of the adjective ἔτυμος was used substantivally.
- MEANING
- “The true” becomes the true sense of a word according to its origin.
STEP 03derivationestablished
- SOUND
- The compound joins ἔτυμος “true, real” and -λογία “account, study.”
- MEANING
- A word’s “true sense” becomes an object of analysis.
STEP 03reduplicationestablished
- SOUND
- The poetic form expands ἔτυμος as ἐτήτυμος; LSJ labels the relationship reduplication without requiring a separate deeper lexical parent.
- MEANING
- The meaning remains true while the poetic form gains expressive or metrical shape.
HISTORICAL STEP 044 EDGES
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Old French transmitted the learned Latin form.
- MEANING
- Scholarly explanation of a word’s origin continued.
French historical lexicography1 CITATIONEDGE 8 ↗ STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Latin etymon borrowed the Greek neuter noun with direct learned adaptation.
- MEANING
- The true or original sense of a word remained the technical referent.
Merriam-Webster Editors · Greek lexicography3 CITATIONSEDGE 557 ↗ STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Latin borrowed Greek ἐτυμολογία.
- MEANING
- A Greek technical concept entered Latin grammatical tradition.
STEP 04derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Greek ἐτυμολογικός adds the adjectival suffix -ικός to ἐτυμολογία.
- MEANING
- The name of an inquiry becomes an adjective meaning belonging to or based on that inquiry.
HISTORICAL STEP 055 EDGES
STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- English adapted the learned French form and later aligned spelling with the classical model.
- MEANING
- The technical term broadened into the modern historical discipline.
OED · historical lexicography1 CITATIONEDGE 7 ↗ STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- English borrowed Latin etymon with learned spelling and English pronunciation.
- MEANING
- The source-word sense was retained and generalized across same-language, foreign-language, and derivational sources.
STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Old French transmitted the learned Latin form.
- MEANING
- Scholarly explanation of a word’s origin continued.
French historical lexicography1 CITATIONEDGE 563 ↗ STEP 05borrowingprobable
- SOUND
- French adapted learned etymon as étymon with French stress and a nasalized final vowel.
- MEANING
- The technical source-form sense was retained while expanding to include attested and reconstructed forms.
STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Latin etymologicus adapted Greek etymologikos within learned grammatical vocabulary.
- MEANING
- The adjective retained the sense of belonging to or based on etymology.
HISTORICAL STEP 066 EDGES
STEP 06historical continuationestablished
- SOUND
- French spelling regularized medieval variants such as ethimologie toward étymologie.
- MEANING
- A learned word used for titles, word explanations, and wordplay developed the modern linguistic senses.
CNRTL Editors · Académie française Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 562 ↗ STEP 06borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- French adapted Latin etymologicus as étymologique with French stress, vowels, and the learned -ique ending.
- MEANING
- The Latin origin-conforming adjective developed the modern French senses “related to etymology” and “conforming to origin.”
ATILF · Académie française Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 579 ↗ STEP 06learned formationprobable
- SOUND
- English drops Latin -us through the learned adjective etymologic and adds adjectival -al; a competing internal etymology + -ical analysis remains visible in the graph.
- MEANING
- A Latin adjective about word origins becomes the English adjective of relation or conformity.
STEP 06derivationestablished
- SOUND
- English adds the person-forming suffix -ist to etymology.
- MEANING
- The discipline name becomes the title of a specialist who studies word histories.
Merriam-Webster Editors · Douglas Harper2 CITATIONSEDGE 593 ↗ STEP 06derivationestablished
- SOUND
- English adds verb-forming -ize to etymology.
- MEANING
- The name of the inquiry becomes the act of discovering, stating, or studying etymologies.
Merriam-Webster Editors · Douglas Harper2 CITATIONSEDGE 600 ↗ STEP 06competing derivationproposed
- SOUND
- English etymological is alternatively segmented as etymology plus -ical.
- MEANING
- The discipline noun becomes a relational adjective.
“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.
05EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE