NODE / 0685reconstructedProto-Indo-European
*ad-
TRANSLITERATION *ad-
to, near, at
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European horizon
- SENSE
- directional base
- FAMILY
- Indo-European
- CANONICAL KEY
- node:6:ad:reconstructed:sense:directional-base
American Heritage reconstructs the directional base and lists Latin ad- among its descendants.
*This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.
01ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT
*THE TRAIL ENDS HERE.No securely reviewed ancestor extends beyond this node. 1 evidence path stops at this boundary.
INSPECT 1 CITED BOUNDARY CLAIM
02DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP
DESCENDANTinheritanceestablished
Latin · Latin antiquity · directional prefixad-
to, toward
- SOUND
- Latin ad- directly continues the reconstructed directional base with stable form.
- MEANING
- To, toward continues the older to, near, at field.
- SCHOLAR
- Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
- CONFIDENCE
- established
03TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
- UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
- 5
- REVIEWED EDGES
- 5
- DEEPEST PATH
- 5
- MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
- 1
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
STEP 01inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Latin ad- directly continues the reconstructed directional base with stable form.
- MEANING
- To, toward continues the older to, near, at field.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 663 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE
STEP 02compound componentestablished
- SOUND
- Latin ad- remains visible at the left edge of adverbium.
- MEANING
- The directional prefix helps create a technical word for a modifier attached to another expression.
HISTORICAL STEP 031 EDGE
STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle French adverbe continues Latin adverbium with Romance loss of the final syllable.
- MEANING
- The Latin technical category enters French and English grammatical vocabulary.
HISTORICAL STEP 041 EDGE
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English adverbe borrows Middle French adverbe.
- MEANING
- The grammatical category is transmitted through French.
HISTORICAL STEP 051 EDGE
STEP 05continuationestablished
- SOUND
- English adverb regularizes the Middle English final vowel while retaining the learned compound.
- MEANING
- The grammatical class remains a modifier category whose actual scope is wider than verbs alone.
“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.
05EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE