NODE / 0058reconstructedProto-Indo-European
*leǵ-
to collect, gather; with descendants involving speaking
- DATE
- Indo-European prehistory
- SENSE
- default
- FAMILY
- Indo-European
- CANONICAL KEY
- node:6:leg:reconstructed
Traditional root notation; *sleǵ- has been argued as an alternative reconstruction.
*This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.
01ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT
*THE TRAIL ENDS HERE.No securely reviewed ancestor extends beyond this node. 15 evidence paths stop at this boundary.
INSPECT 15 CITED BOUNDARY CLAIMS
02DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP
DESCENDANTinheritanceproposed
Ancient Greek · Ancient Greekλέγω
gather; count; recount; say
- SOUND
- Greek λέγω is traditionally derived from PIE *leǵ-; some scholarship argues that an initial *s should be reconstructed.
- MEANING
- The daughter evidence spans collecting and speaking, but the exact semantic path remains reconstructed.
- SCHOLAR
- UT Austin LRC · IE-CoR · Kaczyńska
- CONFIDENCE
- proposed — The competing *sleǵ- analysis prevents an unqualified grade.
DESCENDANTproposed inheritanceproposed
Latin · Latin antiquitylēx
law, statute, rule, agreement
- SOUND
- Latin lēx has traditionally been connected with the gather / collect family; published work argues for a root with initial *s.
- MEANING
- A collection or selection of rules is a proposed semantic bridge, not an uncontested fact.
- SCHOLAR
- Kaczyńska · Indo-European lexicography
- CONFIDENCE
- proposed — Both the root shape and exact semantic derivation remain disputed.
DESCENDANTinheritanceprobable
Latin · Latin antiquitylegere
to gather, select, choose; to read
- SOUND
- Latin legere is traditionally assigned to the *leǵ- family; *sleǵ- remains a published alternative.
- MEANING
- Gathering and selecting extend into reading.
- SCHOLAR
- Indo-European lexicography
- CONFIDENCE
- probable — Root shape is disputed.
03TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
- UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
- 71
- REVIEWED EDGES
- 71
- DEEPEST PATH
- 8
- MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
- 19
HISTORICAL STEP 013 EDGES
STEP 01inheritanceproposed
- SOUND
- Greek λέγω is traditionally derived from PIE *leǵ-; some scholarship argues that an initial *s should be reconstructed.
- MEANING
- The daughter evidence spans collecting and speaking, but the exact semantic path remains reconstructed.
UT Austin LRC · IE-CoR · Kaczyńska3 CITATIONSEDGE 49 ↗ STEP 01proposed inheritanceproposed
- SOUND
- Latin lēx has traditionally been connected with the gather / collect family; published work argues for a root with initial *s.
- MEANING
- A collection or selection of rules is a proposed semantic bridge, not an uncontested fact.
Kaczyńska · Indo-European lexicography3 CITATIONSEDGE 55 ↗ STEP 01inheritanceprobable
- SOUND
- Latin legere is traditionally assigned to the *leǵ- family; *sleǵ- remains a published alternative.
- MEANING
- Gathering and selecting extend into reading.
Indo-European lexicography3 CITATIONSEDGE 60 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 0211 EDGES
STEP 02derivationprobable
- SOUND
- λόγος is a verbal noun in the λέγω family, with an o-grade formation represented in traditional analysis.
- MEANING
- Gathering, counting, recounting, speech, account, and reason form a historically layered semantic network.
Logeion · comparative Greek lexicography2 CITATIONSEDGE 48 ↗ STEP 02derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin lēgālis is formed on lēx, leg- “law.”
- MEANING
- The law noun becomes a relational adjective.
STEP 02inflectionestablished
- SOUND
- lēctus is the suppletive-looking past participle used with legere.
- MEANING
- What has been gathered or selected becomes what has been read.
STEP 02inflectionestablished
- SOUND
- legendus is the gerundive of legere.
- MEANING
- Obligation or appointment to read supplies the literal formation.
STEP 02derivationprobable
- SOUND
- Latin intellegere is traditionally analyzed as inter- plus legere, with phonological assimilation.
- MEANING
- Selecting or discerning among becomes understanding; the exact semantic bridge should not be over-literalized.
Merriam-Webster · Latin lexicography2 CITATIONSEDGE 73 ↗ STEP 02derivationestablished
- SOUND
- colligere combines the assimilated com- / col- “together” prefix with legere.
- MEANING
- Gathering becomes explicitly gathering together.
Merriam-Webster · Latin lexicography2 CITATIONSEDGE 80 ↗ STEP 02derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin lectiō is formed from the reading stem associated with legere.
- MEANING
- The act of gathering or selecting develops into reading, then a reading passage.
STEP 02prefixed derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin seligere combines se- “apart” with legere “gather, select.”
- MEANING
- Gathering becomes discriminating choice by adding the apart element.
STEP 02prefixed derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Greek dialegesthai contains dia- “through, across, between” plus legein / legesthai “to speak.”
- MEANING
- Speaking across or through supplies conversation; the prefix does not encode the numeral two.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 437 ↗ STEP 02derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Late Latin legibilis is formed from Latin legere “to read” with an ability suffix.
- MEANING
- The activity of reading becomes the quality of being readable.
Merriam-Webster · American Heritage · Etymonline editors3 CITATIONSEDGE 450 ↗ STEP 02compound componentestablished
- SOUND
- Latin legislatio contains legis, the genitive of lēx “law”; this path follows the law component while lātio is modeled separately.
- MEANING
- Law is the object being proposed, borne forward, or enacted.
Merriam-Webster · CNRTL · Etymonline editors4 CITATIONSEDGE 455 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 0315 EDGES
STEP 03derivationestablished
- SOUND
- λογικός is formed on λόγος with the adjectival suffix -ικός.
- MEANING
- The broad λόγος family narrows to what pertains to account, reason, or discourse.
Ancient Greek lexicography2 CITATIONSEDGE 47 ↗ STEP 03compound memberestablished
- SOUND
- Greek ἐτυμολογία contains the -λογία formation belonging to the λόγος family.
- MEANING
- The “account / study” member combines with ἔτυμος “true, real” to form etymology.
Ancient Greek lexicography2 CITATIONSEDGE 51 ↗ STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French borrowed Latin lēgālis through regular Romance adaptation.
- MEANING
- Pertaining to law remained the core sense.
STEP 03derivationestablished
- SOUND
- lectūra is a deverbal noun built from the participial stem lēct-.
- MEANING
- Reading is nominalized as an act or practice.
STEP 03inflectionestablished
- SOUND
- legenda is the feminine singular or neuter plural gerundive formation represented in medieval use.
- MEANING
- “Things to be read” becomes a lexical category.
Latin and medieval lexicography1 CITATIONEDGE 65 ↗ STEP 03inflectionestablished
- SOUND
- intelligēns is the present participial formation of intellegere / intelligere.
- MEANING
- The one understanding supplies the adjective and abstract noun family.
STEP 03inflectionestablished
- SOUND
- collēctus is the past participle of colligere.
- MEANING
- A completed gathering becomes the collected state.
STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French leçon continues Late Latin lectiō through regular Romance sound and spelling development.
- MEANING
- An act or selection of reading remains the source of the lesson sense.
STEP 03inflectionestablished
- SOUND
- Latin selectus is the past participle of seligere.
- MEANING
- The action “choose apart” becomes the result “chosen.”
STEP 03derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin intellectus is the action noun and participial formation of intellegere.
- MEANING
- The act of perceiving or understanding becomes the faculty or product of understanding.
Merriam-Webster · American Heritage editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 382 ↗ STEP 03derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Greek dialogos belongs to the verbal family of dialegesthai “to converse.”
- MEANING
- The act of speaking through or across becomes conversation and a represented exchange.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 436 ↗ STEP 03compound componentestablished
- SOUND
- Greek prologos combines pro- “before” with logos “speech or discourse”; this path follows the logos component.
- MEANING
- A speech positioned before a performance becomes the prologue.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors3 CITATIONSEDGE 444 ↗ STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English legible borrows Late Latin legibilis with English phonological adaptation.
- MEANING
- The ability to be read remains the inherited meaning.
Merriam-Webster · American Heritage editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 449 ↗ STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- French législation borrows Medieval or Late Latin legislatio with regular Romance adaptation.
- MEANING
- Proposal or bearing of a law develops into law-making authority and a body of laws.
STEP 03derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Greek -logiā is formed in the logos family; American Heritage also records -logos formations as a contributing channel.
- MEANING
- Word, speech, and discourse support account-of-a-subject formations; “science” is a later specialization, not the only Greek value.
American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Ancient Greek lexicography2 CITATIONSEDGE 1029 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 0416 EDGES
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Latin borrowed Greek ἐτυμολογία.
- MEANING
- A Greek technical concept entered Latin grammatical tradition.
Latin and Greek lexicography1 CITATIONEDGE 9 ↗ STEP 04derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Greek λογική is the substantivized feminine of λογικός, conventionally with an understood noun such as τέχνη.
- MEANING
- “Pertaining to reasoning” becomes the name of the art itself.
Ancient Greek lexicography1 CITATIONEDGE 46 ↗ STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- English preserved the learned form with later English vowel and stress development.
- MEANING
- The adjective broadened from juridical status to rule-conformity more generally.
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- English adapted Late Latin lectūra through the medieval learned tradition.
- MEANING
- An act of reading became an instructional discourse and later a scolding.
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French transmitted Medieval Latin legenda.
- MEANING
- Materials appointed for reading became a category of devotional narrative.
STEP 04derivationestablished
- SOUND
- The abstract noun intelligentia is formed on the participial stem intelligent-.
- MEANING
- A discerning or understanding quality becomes an abstract capacity.
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French transmitted the Latin participial stem.
- MEANING
- The gathered-together sense remains transparent.
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English lesson or lessoun adapts Anglo-French leçon.
- MEANING
- The reading and instructional senses remain connected.
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- English select borrows Latin selectus with minor English phonological adaptation.
- MEANING
- The Latin “chosen apart” sense becomes English adjectival and verbal selection.
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Old French intellecte was borrowed from Latin intellectus with Romance spelling and pronunciation.
- MEANING
- Latin perception and understanding remain the core meaning.
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- English intelligent adapts the Latin participial stem intelligent- with English stress, vowel, and final-consonant treatment.
- MEANING
- Latin understanding and discernment become the English adjective for mental capacity, judgment, and later computer-guided behavior.
Merriam-Webster · American Heritage editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 402 ↗ STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Latin dialogus borrows and phonologically adapts Greek dialogos.
- MEANING
- The Greek conversation and discourse term becomes a Latin literary form.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 435 ↗ STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Latin prologus borrows and adapts Greek prologos.
- MEANING
- The Greek before-speech becomes a Latin theatrical and literary preface.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 443 ↗ STEP 04historical continuationestablished
- SOUND
- The Middle English learned form stabilizes as modern legible with later English stress and vowel development.
- MEANING
- Literal readability remains primary while discernibility and understandability become figurative extensions.
Merriam-Webster · American Heritage editors3 CITATIONSEDGE 448 ↗ STEP 04borrowingprobable
- SOUND
- English legislation borrows French législation with learned English stress and pronunciation.
- MEANING
- The making of laws and the resulting body of laws remain central while legislative-business senses develop.
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Latin -logia borrows and transliterates Greek -logiā.
- MEANING
- A Greek formation in the speaking and account family becomes a reusable learned Latin element.
American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Merriam-Webster Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 1028 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 0510 EDGES
STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Old French transmitted the learned Latin form.
- MEANING
- Scholarly explanation of a word’s origin continued.
French historical lexicography1 CITATIONEDGE 8 ↗ STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Latin logica borrowed and adapted Greek λογική.
- MEANING
- The Greek “logical art” became the Latin discipline.
Merriam-Webster · Greek lexicography1 CITATIONEDGE 45 ↗ STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English adapted the Anglo-French form.
- MEANING
- The reading and saint’s-life senses continued.
STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- French transmitted Latin intelligentia.
- MEANING
- Understanding and discernment remain central.
STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English borrowed the Anglo-French verb.
- MEANING
- Accumulating, inferring, and calculating are recorded early senses.
STEP 05historical continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Modern lesson continues the Middle English form with spelling stabilization.
- MEANING
- A reading or assigned text expands into instruction and then something learned from experience.
STEP 05borrowingprobable
- SOUND
- English intellect continues a medieval French or directly Latin learned form; this dossier displays the published Old French route.
- MEANING
- Perception and understanding become the modern capacity for knowing and reasoning.
Merriam-Webster · American Heritage editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 380 ↗ STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French dialogue continues Latin dialogus through Romance transmission.
- MEANING
- Conversation and the literary dialogue remain linked.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 434 ↗ STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French prologue continues Latin prologus through Romance transmission.
- MEANING
- The introductory speech or preface remains central.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 442 ↗ STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Old French -logie continues Latin -logia with Romance phonological and orthographic adaptation.
- MEANING
- The learned noun-forming function remains associated with accounts and organized subjects.
American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 1027 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 068 EDGES
STEP 06borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- English adapted the learned French form and later aligned spelling with the classical model.
- MEANING
- The technical term broadened into the modern historical discipline.
OED · historical lexicography1 CITATIONEDGE 7 ↗ STEP 06borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- French transmitted the learned Latin form with Romance phonology.
- MEANING
- The name of the rational art remained technical.
French and Latin historical lexicography1 CITATIONEDGE 44 ↗ STEP 06inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Final unstressed -e was lost and spelling stabilized as legend.
- MEANING
- Saintly reading matter expanded to inherited story, inscription, and explanatory key.
STEP 06borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- English borrowed the French abstract noun with later pronunciation change.
- MEANING
- Understanding expands into news, strategic information, and the organizations that obtain it.
STEP 06inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English inflection was lost and the learned spelling stabilized.
- MEANING
- Accumulating and inferring broadened into the modern family of gathering, receiving, and regaining control.
STEP 06borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English adopts Anglo-French dialogue / dialoge with English spelling and pronunciation.
- MEANING
- A represented conversation remains the central meaning.
STEP 06borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English prolog adopts Anglo-French prologue with English spelling adaptation.
- MEANING
- The prefatory discourse meaning remains stable.
STEP 06borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English -logie borrows the formally matching Old French learned element.
- MEANING
- The discourse or learned-account function continues within borrowed formations.
American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 1026 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 077 EDGES
STEP 07borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English adapted the Anglo-French form and spelling.
- MEANING
- The scholastic discipline retained its core reference.
STEP 07historical continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English dialoge develops the modern -ue spelling and later English pronunciation.
- MEANING
- The literary conversation sense broadens to ordinary exchange, dramatic speech, and institutional discussion.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 432 ↗ STEP 07historical continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English prolog develops the modern -ue spelling while retaining the initial pro- and final log sequence.
- MEANING
- The prefatory speech becomes any introductory section and later any preceding event.
Merriam-Webster · Etymonline editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 440 ↗ STEP 07derivationestablished
- SOUND
- English adds the person-forming suffix -ist to etymology.
- MEANING
- The discipline name becomes the title of a specialist who studies word histories.
Merriam-Webster Editors · Douglas Harper2 CITATIONSEDGE 593 ↗ STEP 07derivationestablished
- SOUND
- English adds verb-forming -ize to etymology.
- MEANING
- The name of the inquiry becomes the act of discovering, stating, or studying etymologies.
Merriam-Webster Editors · Douglas Harper2 CITATIONSEDGE 600 ↗ STEP 07competing derivationproposed
- SOUND
- English etymological is alternatively segmented as etymology plus -ical.
- MEANING
- The discipline noun becomes a relational adjective.
STEP 07historical continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English -logie is continued by modern English -logy with spelling and pronunciation adapted to later English patterns.
- MEANING
- The learned form remains productive across expression, discourse, doctrine, theory, science, and study senses rather than narrowing to one universal gloss.
American Heritage Dictionary Editors · Merriam-Webster Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 1025 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 081 EDGE
STEP 08inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English final consonant and vowel pattern stabilized as modern logic with later pronunciation change.
- MEANING
- The technical discipline broadened into everyday “reasoning” and, later, computational circuitry.
“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.
05EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE