NODE / 0657reconstructedProto-Indo-European
*wr̥-dho-
TRANSLITERATION *wr̥-dho-
something spoken; word
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed zero grade
- SENSE
- spoken unit formation
- FAMILY
- Indo-European
- CANONICAL KEY
- node:6:wr-dho:reconstructed:sense:spoken-unit-formation
A reconstructed formation, never an attested spelling.
*This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.
01ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT
02DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP
DESCENDANTinheritanceestablished
Proto-Germanic · Proto-Germanic horizon · spoken unit noun*wurdam
word; something spoken
- SOUND
- Germanic *wurdam reflects the zero-grade *wr̥-dho- formation with inherited Germanic nominal development.
- MEANING
- The reconstructed spoken-unit noun remains the source of the Germanic word family.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Comparative reconstruction; no single transmission date is claimed.
- SCHOLAR
- Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
- CONFIDENCE
- established
03TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
- UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
- 4
- REVIEWED EDGES
- 4
- DEEPEST PATH
- 4
- MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
- 1
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
STEP 01inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Germanic *wurdam reflects the zero-grade *wr̥-dho- formation with inherited Germanic nominal development.
- MEANING
- The reconstructed spoken-unit noun remains the source of the Germanic word family.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 627 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE
STEP 02inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Old English word continues reconstructed Germanic *wurdam through inherited West Germanic development.
- MEANING
- Something spoken remains a word or utterance.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 626 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 031 EDGE
STEP 03continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English word continues Old English word with no donor-language substitution.
- MEANING
- Word, utterance, and expression remain central.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 625 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 041 EDGE
STEP 04continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Modern English preserves the inherited spelling word while pronunciation continues the history of English vowel and rhotic systems.
- MEANING
- The core linguistic-unit sense continues alongside utterance, promise, news, command, and technical extensions.
Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 624 ↗ “Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.
05EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE