NODE / 0665reconstructedProto-Indo-European
*wer-dho-
TRANSLITERATION *wer-dho-
something spoken; word
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European suffixed full grade
- SENSE
- spoken unit formation
- FAMILY
- Indo-European
- CANONICAL KEY
- node:6:wer-dho:reconstructed:sense:spoken-unit-formation
Published reconstructed formation behind Latin verbum.
*This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.
01ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT
02DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP
DESCENDANTinheritanceestablished
Latin · Latin antiquity · word utteranceverbum
word, utterance, expression, language, discourse
- SOUND
- The reconstructed *wer-dho- formation develops into Latin verbum; the graph records the published comparison without inventing intermediate spellings.
- MEANING
- A formation meaning something spoken becomes Latin word, utterance, and later grammatical verb.
- CHRONOLOGY
- Comparative reconstruction; not a directly dated transmission event.
- SCHOLAR
- Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors
- CONFIDENCE
- established
03TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
- UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
- 18
- REVIEWED EDGES
- 18
- DEEPEST PATH
- 5
- MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
- 5
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
STEP 01inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- The reconstructed *wer-dho- formation develops into Latin verbum; the graph records the published comparison without inventing intermediate spellings.
- MEANING
- A formation meaning something spoken becomes Latin word, utterance, and later grammatical verb.
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors2 CITATIONSEDGE 634 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 025 EDGES
STEP 02semantic specializationestablished
- SOUND
- The Latin form is unchanged; the grammatical use selects one technical sense of verbum.
- MEANING
- A general word or utterance becomes the name of the predicate word class.
STEP 02derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Late Latin verbalis adds the relational suffix -alis to verbum.
- MEANING
- A word or verb becomes the base of an adjective meaning of or consisting of words.
STEP 02compound memberestablished
- SOUND
- Latin adverbium contains verbum as its lexical member; ad- is exposed as a second canonical parent.
- MEANING
- A word attached toward another expression becomes a technical modifier category.
STEP 02compound memberestablished
- SOUND
- Latin proverbium contains verbum as its lexical member; pro- is exposed as a second canonical parent.
- MEANING
- A marked or public saying becomes the traditional maxim named by the compound.
STEP 02derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Medieval Latin verbatim forms an adverb on verbum with -atim.
- MEANING
- A word becomes the base of the distributive sense word by word.
HISTORICAL STEP 035 EDGES
STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French verbe continues Latin verbum with Romance loss of the final syllable.
- MEANING
- The Latin grammatical use becomes the French and English class name.
STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English verbale borrows Late Latin verbalis with English adaptation of the final syllable.
- MEANING
- Of words or verbs enters English and later supports the spoken-rather-than-written contrast.
STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle French adverbe continues Latin adverbium with Romance loss of the final syllable.
- MEANING
- The Latin technical category enters French and English grammatical vocabulary.
STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French proverbe continues Latin proverbium with Romance loss of the final syllable.
- MEANING
- The Latin saying term becomes the French and English noun.
STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- English verbatim borrows Medieval Latin verbatim with learned stress and pronunciation adaptation.
- MEANING
- Word for word remains the core adverbial meaning; adjective use develops later in English.
HISTORICAL STEP 044 EDGES
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English verbe borrows Anglo-French verbe with minor English phonological adaptation.
- MEANING
- The grammatical term is transmitted without a return to the broader meaning word.
STEP 04continuationestablished
- SOUND
- English verbal regularizes the Middle English final vowel while preserving the learned base and suffix.
- MEANING
- The relational word sense continues while verb-related and spoken-language senses develop alongside it.
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English adverbe borrows Middle French adverbe.
- MEANING
- The grammatical category is transmitted through French.
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English proverbe borrows Anglo-French proverbe.
- MEANING
- The traditional maxim enters English through French.
HISTORICAL STEP 053 EDGES
STEP 05continuationestablished
- SOUND
- English verb regularizes the Middle English final vowel away while preserving the learned stem.
- MEANING
- The specialized grammatical class remains central.
STEP 05continuationestablished
- SOUND
- English adverb regularizes the Middle English final vowel while retaining the learned compound.
- MEANING
- The grammatical class remains a modifier category whose actual scope is wider than verbs alone.
STEP 05continuationestablished
- SOUND
- English proverb regularizes the Middle English final vowel while preserving the learned stem.
- MEANING
- The traditional-saying sense continues.
“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.
05EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE